ISSN 1995-4301(Print)
ISSN 2618-8406
(Online)
Current issues:
Online version of the journal
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Select viewing optionsPerfluorocarbon compounds as potential environmental and human health risks: a review |
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| V.A. Kozvonin, Т.I. Kutyavina, T.Ya. Ashikhmina | ||||
| Section: Theoretical problems of ecology |
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| The article discusses the problem of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) application and their impact on the environment both globally (ozone layer destruction by freons, soil and water pollution) and narrowly (human health impact). PFCs have unique physical and chemical properties: extremely high chemical and thermal stability (do not decompose at temperatures up to 400–500 °C), resistance to acids and oxydation, non-flammability. PFCs are becoming increasingly widespread in industry, including the food industry, and even in medicine. Medical aspects of PFCs application are a highly promising research area. In clinical practice, PFCs are widely used primarily as inhalation anesthetics, preparations for diagnostics in Dopplerography, and magnetic resonance methods, as oxygen-carrying modules (in artificial blood substitutes), and as materials for implants. In scientific research, the possibility of using PFCs as components of wound coatings is being considered. The main attention of scientists is paid to the fact of long-term elimination of this type of compounds from the body and the possibility of remote effects. At the same time, the assessment of their effects is quite ambiguous – the opinions of researchers can differ quite dramatically, from “PFCs are absolutely inert and do not pose any harm” to “organofluorine are xenogenic substances with potentially high risks”. In this regard, the literature review on this issue is an up-to-date study that analyzes the current state of the problem based on articles in leading domestic and foreign publications, monographs, regulatory documents and other sources. The conducted literature review shows that the current research area is the study of PFCs toxicity for various living organisms. This research area is being developed on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach combining toxicology, medicinal chemistry and ecology. | ||||
| Keywords: fluorocarbons, occurrence, distribution, toxicity, destruction |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-006-015 |
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Vegetation monitoring in the area of hazardous industrial waste disposal facilities |
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| Е.А. Domnina, Е.V. Dabakh, T.Ya. Ashikhmina, G.Ya. Kantor, A.S. Timonov | ||||
| Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas |
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| Based on the experience of vegetation monitoring in the sanitary protection zone and the protective measures zone of a chemical weapons destruction facility (CWDF), recommendations for organizing a vegetation monitoring system in the areas adjacent to chemically hazardous facilities are given. When repurposing a CWDF, it is necessary to take into account the state of the vegetation prior to the start of facility operation and consider this state as a natural-anthropogenic background. It will differ from the natural background, but will objectively reflect the environmental impact of the new facility. Herbaceous, in particular meadow, vegetation is more flexible over time. In this regard, in the taiga-forest zone, vegetation monitoring in forest areas is more informative than in meadow areas. The recommended schedule for vegetation monitoring is once a year at the same time; sampling of needles and lichen thalli is carried out simultaneously with plant observations. When organizing the monitoring, vegetation monitoring sites should be located at different distances from pollution sources, taking into account the wind rose and the soil monitoring network, as well as the indicator species presence. If pollutants formed as a result of the industrial and technical complex activities are detected in lichen thalli and needles, the observation network should be expanded in the appropriate directions, taking into account the indicator species presence. To isolate the natural factors effect, studies should be conducted in background areas. It is recommended to assess the prolonged effect of the facility by the change of pollutants content in lichens and pine needles at different distances from the source of exposure. | ||||
| Keywords: monitoring, vegetation, pollution, Pinus silvestris L., Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-063-071 |
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Application of basidial fungi polysaccharides for cryopreservation of Holstein Bull sperm |
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| T.V. Polezhaeva, A.N. Khudyakov, O.N. Solomina, I.G. Shirokikh, O.O. Zaitseva, M.I. Sergushkina, А.А. Shirokikh, D.V. Popyvanov | ||||
| Section: Population ecology |
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| Genetic resources of farm animals play an important role in ensuring food security of our country. The preservation of the genetic fund is ensured by reproductive technologies based on cryopreservation of biomaterial. Freezing biological samples at a temperature of –80 оC (in industrial freezers) or –196 оC (in tanks with liquid nitrogen) allows not only to store the material, but also expands the range of practical and scientific tasks, the solution of which was previously impossible. For these purposes, conservation selection widely uses cryobanks and new innovative preservatives, a promising component of which are natural biopolymers. It is known that polysaccharides of basidiomycetes have a high complexing capacity, which determines their wide range of biological action. The ability of functional groups of polysaccharides to bind a large number of molecules of free extracellular water is valuable for cryopreservation technology, which helps slow down metabolism and prepare reproductive cells for exposure to low temperatures. A possible mechanism of polysaccharides cryoprotective effect may also be their antioxidant action – the ability to interrupt the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation and block the damaging effect of toxic products of the radical process. This study demonstrates the importance of polysaccharides of basidiomycetes of different taxa in the technology of cryopreservation of Holstein bulls spermatozoa. It was found that after 28 days of spermatozoa storage (observation period) at –80 оC, their motility indices were significantly higher provided that Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. / Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. / Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler polysaccharides were in the frozen biological medium. In addition, the number of spermatozoa without damage to the cell membrane and DNA was statistically higher when they were frozen in a medium with polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus or Lentinula edodes. The above indicates a high potential for using this group of substances in the development of innovative technologies for long-term storage of genetic material. | ||||
| Keywords: Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma applanatum, Lentinula edodes, polysaccharides, cryopreservation, spermatozoa |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-198-207 |
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Methodological approaches to antioxidant content by potentiometry |
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| A.I. Fokina, A.B. Nilova, E.G. Fominykh, A.V. Sazanov | ||||
| Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts |
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| Currently, the important role of the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products containing antioxidants is very popular idea. Various environmental factors can cause oxidative stress increasing the reactive oxygen species level. Antioxidants (AOs) prevent oxidative stress. Some dietary supplements (DS) can be additional AOs sources. A DS based on the granular mycelium of the Hericium erinaceus is among them. Correct AOs content assessment in pharmaceuticals and DS helps to ensure their balanced dietary intake. Therefore, the task of developing new and improving existing methods for determining substances with antioxidant properties in various objects remains relevant. Due to the nature of the analysis, electrochemical methods, including potentiometric, deserve priority attention. The aim of the work was to establish the optimal conditions for potentiometry application to determine the antioxidant properties of substances (H. erinaceus extract and ascorbic acid) in the K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] mediator system. We found that when determining the AOs sum with adding an oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) using a mediator system with pH 6.80 and a K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6]=0.00005/0.001 concentration ratio, well-repeating results are obtained (RSD does not exceed 5.0%). The relationship between the analytical signal and the analyte amount is linear, and the results obtained by the input–find method meet the requirement of correctness. The obtained data and the proposed methodological approaches can be useful for their application in the environmental studies of the antioxidant activity of various plant objects and the interpretation of the results. | ||||
| Keywords: antioxidants, potentiometry, Hericium erinaceus, hydrogen peroxide, oxidation-reduction systems |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-054-062 |
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A review of phytological assessment of anthropogenic ecotopes in Donbass: a review |
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| A.I. Safonov | ||||
| Section: Theoretical problems of ecology |
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| The modern territory of the Central Donbass is an ecologically stressed region, which requires the development of scientifically based measures for restoration and optimization of disturbed local geosystems. The review of scientific data on phytodiagnostics under anthropogenic transformation is based on the direct experience in the implementation of integrated environmental monitoring by Donbass scientists. The results of successful practices of similar studies in the world scientific schools are specified. Phytoindication is considered as the only possible way of environmental assessment in the current realities of natural systems of the North Azov region for large-scale experiment. The main mechanism of obtaining information on the state of geosystems is based on the identification of reliable ecotope differences in the structural and functional status of indicator plants. The spectrum of regionally adapted and tested methods of field and laboratory diagnostics of the state of plant species with adequate valence to anthropogenic stress factors, as well as methods of processing, interpretation and visualization of the obtained data are presented. As approaches to data analysis, we consider methods of processing quantitative and non-parametric indices, formation of ecological scales, GIS, mapping, identification of localities of pollution of natural environments, identification of new geopathogenic zones, determination of climatic trends and retrospective analysis. The practice of remediation works provides for obligatory procedures of reclamation, phytoremediation, landscape design, taking into account the identified features of adaptation of individual plant species. Phytomonitoring is connected with many issues of the social well-being of mankind: the purity of the natural environment, the timely taking of measures for the prevention of catastrophic situations. Specificity of the economic and technological state of Donbass for the last 30 years is both a justification for the necessary analytical review of the accumulated experience of ways and methods of landscape quantification, and a reason for discussion among environmental specialists in taking the necessary measures to preserve the unique nature and productive development of resource potential of the region. | ||||
| Keywords: ecological monitoring, biodiagnostics of natural systems, anthropogenic transformation, Donetsk region, indicator plants, polemostress, phytoquantification |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-016-029 |
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Assessing the significance of factors in the toxic components forming during diesel engine operation on biofuels |
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| P.Ya. Kantor, S.А. Plotnikov | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| The article considers environmental problems associated with partial replacement of hydrocarbon diesel fuel with plant components, in particular, rapeseed oil. We analyze factors that change the toxic component composition in exhaust gases when a diesel engine operates on mixed fuel, in particular, specific physicochemical properties of rapeseed oil and changes in the temperature conditions of the engine. Theoretical assessment of the temperature effect on the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot forming is carried out. It is shown that direct nitrogen oxidation (Zeldovich mechanism) is practically absent at temperatures typical for the diesel engine working cycle. We assumed that the low-temperature oxidation mechanism with the participation of intermediate products (refined Fenimore mechanism) plays the main role in the NOx forming. Bench tests of mixed fuels were carried out on a D-245.5S2 tractor diesel engine produced by the Minsk Motor Plant (Republic of Belarus). Three series of results were obtained: adjustment, load and speed characteristics. The results of experimental tests of mixed fuels containing up to 55% rapeseed oil are presented. In most cases, the increase in the rapeseed oil content decreases NOx concentration in the exhaust gases. In some modes, a decrease in NOx concentration by more than 2 times was detected. The smoke content of the exhaust gases, mainly due to the presence of free carbon in soot form, also showed a pronounced tendency to decrease with increasing rapeseed oil content in the mixed fuel. | ||||
| Keywords: diesel, biofuels, rapeseed oil, bench tests, load, speed, nitrogen oxides, soot |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-150-158 |
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The effect of reagent nature on detoxification of aerobically stabilized sludge of biological treatment plants from heavy metals |
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| I.V. Zykova, V.A. Isakov | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| One of the methods of detoxification of aerobically stabilized sludge of biological treatment plants from heavy metals is a chemical method based on shifting the equilibrium of reversible metal binding processes by compounds of aerobically stabilized sludge with the introduction of poorly soluble calcium compounds. It was found that about 35% of copper(II), lead(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) interact with organic substances that make up the aerobically stabilized sludge by the complexation mechanism, 25% are co-precipitate on Fe2O3, MnO2, CaCO3, MgCO3, and about 25% is co-precipitated by the mechanism of isomorphic substitution on silicates and aluminosilicates. About 55% of chromium(III) is co-precipitated with Fe2O3, MnO2, CaCO3, MgCO3 by adsorption and occlusion mechanisms, about 28% is co-precipitated with silicates and aluminosilicates by isomorphous substitution mechanism, and about 8% is bound with organic substances by the complexation mechanism. The maximum recovery of metals from aerobically stabilized sludge (50–65%) is achieved by using poorly soluble calcium compounds in doses of 25 g/dm3. At introduction of insufficiently soluble calcium compounds the metals bound to compounds of aerobically stabilized sludge by mechanisms of physical and ion exchange adsorption are extracted, a significant proportion of metals co-precipitated with iron(III) and manganese(IV) oxides, with calcium and magnesium carbonates by the mechanisms of adsorption and occlusion, and bound to organic compounds by complexation mechanism. Metals forming chelated complexes with aromatic compounds and metals coprecipitated on silicates and aluminosilicates by the mechanism of isomorphic substitution are not extracted in contact with the injected materials, regardless of their nature. After detoxification of the sludge, the indicators for copper, lead, nickel and chromium (mg/kg of dry matter) do not exceed the established standards for sludge (GOST R 54534-2011 and GOST R 54651-2011), allowed for use as fertilizers and soils for biological remediation of disturbed lands. | ||||
| Keywords: heavy metals, aerobically stabilized sludge, biological treatment plants, accumulation, extraction |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-159-166 |
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Representativeness of small mammal abundance indicators in assessing their population density |
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| V.A. Nesterenko, I.N. Sheremetyeva, I.S. Sheremetyev | ||||
| Section: Population ecology |
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| The abundance and density, as the main criteria for determining the population size of a species, are of crucial importance in wildlife studies. We tested the relative abundance indicators of common rodent and shrew species obtained by standard trapping methods to determine their representativeness in assessing population density. Four stations with a complete capture site, a fence, and a ditch at each one were set up in different habitats in the forest-steppe zone of Primorsky Krai in 2023–2024. The most abundant species used for the analysis were Apodemus agrarius, Micromysminutus and Crocidura lasiura. We found that even methods close in trapping principle have their own specificity and cannot replace each other in monitoring studies. When comparing the abundance indicators of common species obtained by capture method using ditches and fences, the Spearman’s correlation coefficient did not reach statistically significant values. The abundance of the Crocidura lasiura in different types of habitats was more than twice as high in ditches compared to fences according to the capture data. To replace labor-intensive methods of determining the small mammal density, a recalculation was created using conversion factors. We found out that the ratio between the indicators of relative abundance and density of small mammals differs not only for different species, but also at different stages of the population dynamics of each species. Comparison of the counting data at complete capture sampling sites with those obtained using indirectly obtained conversion coefficients showed their inconsistency with the actual density parameters. However, direct conversion factors of relative abundance and density are also not suitable for accurately assessing of density of most species of rodents and shrews. | ||||
| Keywords: small mammals, capture method, ditch with pitfalls, trap fences, relative abundance, density |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-190-197 |
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The composition of water-soluble polysaccharides of Heracleum sosnowskyi stem callus cells |
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| E.N. Gordina, A.A. Zlobin | ||||
| Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects |
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| A fraction of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from cells with hot water was isolated from the callus tissue of the stem of the Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. It was shown that the main components of the carbohydrate chains of the water-soluble polysaccharides fraction of callus are galactose, arabinose, and glycuronic (D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic) acid residues, which were identified in almost equal amounts. Glucose, rhamnose, xylose, and mannose residues are also included as minor monosaccharides in callus. Using ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography methods, it was found that this polysaccharide fraction is represented by a heterogeneous mixture of acidic polysaccharides differing in monosaccharide composition. It is shown that its composition includes polysaccharides, which by the set of neutral monosaccharide residues correspond to the fractions of arabinogalactans, which are part of proteoglycans extracted from the plant with hot water. At the same time, they differ from native plant arabinogalactans in a higher content of arabinose and galactose residues, as well as lower amount of D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acid residues. It was found that the fraction of water-soluble polysaccharides of callus includes acidic polysaccharides, which are close to the pectin polysaccharides fraction of protopectin complex of callus tissue cell walls in terms of the content of D-galacturonic acid residues and the ratio of neutral monosaccharide residues, the main carbohydrate chains of which contain extended regions of low-methylesterified 1,4- -D-galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I, as well as the side carbohydrate chains represented by arabinan, galactan and/or arabinogalactan. It was revealed that polysaccharides included in the callus polysaccharide fraction contain significant amounts of protein compounds that probably form strong complexes with them or are covalently bound to their carbohydrate chains. | ||||
| Keywords: callus tissue, water-soluble polysaccharides, arabinogalactans, pectin polysaccharides, chromatography-mass spectrometry, ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-126-131 |
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Physical and chemical factors affect the stability of peroxodisulfuric acid solutions during storage |
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| T.G. Liubushkin, E.A. Ponomareva, E.N. Kuzin, A.V. Kolesnikov, T.V. Konkova | ||||
| Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts |
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| The discharge of wastewater of complex composition containing organic compounds resistant to biological degradation is an acute environmental problem. One of the directions of its solution is the search for new more affordable and effective chemical oxidants. peroxodisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) is a promising oxidizer for organic pollutants in wastewater. The main disadvantage of the reagent in question is its instability in aqueous solutions due to the active course of hydrolysis and, as a result, a short shelf life. We studied the effect of initial concentration, pH, temperature and light on the storage process of H2S2O8. To assess the degree of decomposition of peroxodisulfuric acid during its storage and under the external factors, we proposed a new method for determining the final product of H2S2O8 decomposition – hydrogen peroxide. It has been found that the decomposition of peroxodisulfuric acid slows down significantly with a decrease in temperature and practically stops with ≈30% decomposition of the substance. It is proved that a pH changes in the medium leads to the decomposition of ≈95% of the reagent within 1 week. The almost complete decomposition of peroxodisulfuric acid under heating (93% at 60 оC) and under UV irradiation (82%) suggests the possibility of thermal and UV activation of the formation of sulfate radicals for AOP (Advanced Oxidation Processes). The successful discoloration of the free radical scavenger, which was used as a synthetic methyl red dye, confirms the prospects of peroxodisulfuric acid as an oxidizer of organic pollutants in wastewater. | ||||
| Keywords: peroxodisulfuric acid, storage conditions, photodegradation, thermal decomposition |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-2-039-047 |
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36, Moskovskya street, Kirov, 610000, Editorial Board "Theoretical and Applied Ecology." Phone/fax: (8332) 37-02-77 e-mail: envjournal@vyatsu.ru The journal was founded in 2007 |
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