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Economic utilization of xylotrophic basidiomycetes: a review |
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Yu.A. Zlobina, A.A. Shirokikh, T.Ya. Ashikhmina |
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Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
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The modern trend towards the use of biological raw materials and the development of unique technologies in demand in agriculture, ecology, materials science, medicine and pharmaceuticals has led to a rapid growth of interest in representatives of a special kingdom of living organisms - fungi. Fungi are one of the key biological resources that can be used to develop a wide range of environmentally friendly products with promising application possibilities. The review presents an analysis of modern achievements in the field of economic use of xylotrophic basidiomycetes, which are of great interest for sustainable nature management due to their ability to decompose lignocellulosic materials under the action of unique enzymatic systems, produce a wide range of metabolites with antimicrobial, antitumor, immunostimulating, neuroprotective and other valuable properties. White and brown rot fungi demonstrate high activity in the degradation of complex polymers, playing an important role in waste recycling and the creation of closed production cycles. The article considers promising areas of their application in the bioeconomy, including agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries, materials science, and the production of biocomposite materials based on fungal mycelium. In agriculture, xylotrophic fungi are used to create biofertilizers that improve soil structure and increase its fertility. In the food industry, they are a valuable source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. In pharmaceuticals, basidiomycete metabolites have proven antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activity. Composites based on mycelium and plant waste are used in packaging, construction, and design furniture and interiors, reducing the environmental impact of plastic. The article analyzes the environmental aspects and economic benefits of the practical use of xylotrophic fungi in various sectors of the national economy and economics, and considers further prospects for the introduction of xylotrophic basidiomycetes in the context of solving current problems and sustainable development of society. |
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Keywords: xylotrophs, basidiomycetes, lignocellulosic waste, biodegradation, enzymes, bioplastics, biofertilizers
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-006-018 |
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Weather conditions affect the physiological features of the Lupinus angustifolius L. development when using biological products |
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A.P. Kislitsyna, A.Y. Sofronova |
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Section: Agroecology
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We assessed the climatic factor effect on the manifestation of two agricultural practices for the Lupinus angustifolius. The first was inoculation of lupine seeds with a Rhizoverm preparation of nodule bacteria. The second one was treatment of seeds and crops with a complex growth-stimulating preparation PolyminТМ Boron-Molybdenum. The experiment was conducted for 2 years varied considerably in the precipitation amount and temperature conditions. The weather in 2023 was moderately humid (moisture index – 1.29), but precipitation during the summer season was extremely uneven. The weather in 2024 was arid (moisture index – 0.68). The leaves pigments’ amount (LPA) during the mass flowering phase in lupine varied in different years. The LPA closely related to the accumulation of dry matter by the phytomass in the phase of gray-green beans (r=0.96) in favorable water-temperature conditions. The level of the above-mentioned relationship corresponded to the average values, r=0.43 (p≤0.05) in drought conditions. There was 227% precipitation from the climatic norm in July 2023. Due to vegetative overgrowth of L. angustifolius plants in warm and rainy weather during flowering and seed formation, the seed yield was 0.8–0.93 t/ha, versus 0.6 t/ha in the control. Seeds inoculation with Rizoverm combined with the crops treatment with PolyminТМ Boron-Molybdenum during the growing season (the budding phase) was the most effective method that provided 55% increase in seed yield compared to the control (+0.33 t/ha). In atmospheric and soil drought in 2024, there was no reliable effect of the growth regulator, as well as the inoculation of seeds or their combined use on the pigment content in leaves and the productivity. The L. angustifolius seeds yield according to the experimental variations was 0.82–0.87 t/ha. |
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Keywords: Lupinus angustifolius, pigments, carotenoids, chlorophyll, seed yield, dry matter, growth stimulants
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-142-150 |
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Sorbent based on thermally oxidized sapropel for wastewater treatment from phenols, oil products and heavy metals |
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I.V. Zykova, V.A. Isakov, N.M. Mishina |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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The adsorption of solutions of petroleum products with concentrations from 10 to 150 mg/dm3, phenols with concentrations from 0.01 to 1.0 mmol/dm3 and heavy metals with concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mmol/dm3 was studied. Sapropel, heat-treated at 600 оC in an oxidizing medium (TOS), was used as a sorbent. The assessment was carried out under static conditions at 1 g of sorbent per 200 cm 3 of solution. Processing of experimental data according to the Boyd and Morris-Weber kinetic models showed that copper(II) ions adsorption by TOS has a mixed-diffusion character. The dependence of the copper(II) ions adsorption by TOS on the contact time is satisfactorily described by both Lagergren and Ho and McKay kinetic models. The thermodynamic values of the adsorption of copper(II) ions from a model solution by TOS were calculated using Ho and McKay kinetic model, taking into account the chemical interaction between the copper(II) ion and the functional groups of the adsorbent. However, it is quite difficult to determine the proportion of chemical interaction and diffusion based on formal kinetic equations. It was established that resorcinol adsorption is described by the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, while the oil products and copper(II) ions adsorption is described by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller polymolecular adsorption equation (BET). The calculated quantitative characteristics of resorcinol, copper(II) ions and oil products adsorption by TOS showed that TOS can be used as a sorbent for wastewater treatment from oil products, phenols and heavy metals. |
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Keywords: adsorption, thermally oxidized sapropel, phenols, petroleum products, heavy metals
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-134-141 |
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YOLOv8-based neural network algorithm for detecting biological objects: Daphnia magna case study |
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A.S. Olkova, E.V. Medvedeva |
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Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
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Automation of routine biological analysis procedures is an important interdisciplinary issue. The article describes a neural network algorithm for detecting meso-sized biological objects. The biomodel was Daphnia magna, which is frequent for bioassaying of natural and man-made environments. The algorithm is implemented on YOLOv8s lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN). Daphnia magna’s original photo and video images as well as those publicly available on the Roboflow and Kaggle platforms were used for CNN training and testing. The image database consisted of 12540 images, of which 430 were original, the rest were transformed using the functions of the Roboflow service. The training was conducted over 150 epochs, with an image resolution of 1280×1280 pixels. Procedures for counting and tracking objects are implemented using the built-in functions “Object Tracking” and “Object Counting”. The algorithm detects objects in static images and videos in real time. The processing speed of video images was about 50 ms per frame, which is enough for the algorithm to work in real time. The values of the algorithm quality rating metrics were the following: mAP – 89.8%; precision – 88.4%; recall – 87.4%. The main mistake of the neural network was counting the reflections of the same daphnia on the inner and outer surfaces of the aquarium glass. The algorithm is aimed at reducing the complexity of biotesting methods and increasing the accuracy of data processing results. The proposed neural network algorithm for detecting biological objects can be adapted through similar training to the search and counting of other organisms. |
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Keywords: convolutional neural network, YOLO, detection algorithm, Daphnia magna, bioassay
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-019-025 |
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Comprehensive analysis of surface water quality based on remote sensing data, automated sensors, and field studies in the post-mining area |
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A.D. Demenev, N.G. Maksimovich, O.A. Berezina, A.A. Mizev, V.T. Khmurchik |
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Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
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The article focused on the issues of a comprehensive analysis of the surface waters ecological status using the developed multicomponent monitoring system. The main goal of the study was to obtain objective information on the waters’ status based on a comprehensive analysis of data obtained continuously from hydrochemical sensors, in-kind measurements and remote sensing data. Traditional monitoring methods, such as sampling and laboratory analysis, although they provide high accuracy, are labor-intensive and do not always provide an objective status of water bodies. During the analysis of available data and our own research, a system was developed for observations with the selection of the most optimal installation sites for hydrochemical sensors in areas of intense anthropogenic impact as a result of subsoil use. These areas are also highlighted as the most indicative areas for comparison of satellite observations, traditional monitoring results and data obtained from sensors in automated mode. Automated devices operated in 2024 summer-autumn period on two rivers in the immediate vicinity of pollution sources, and verification observations were also carried out. Field studies provided a detailed idea of the chemical element and their compounds’ concentrations in water bodies. During the operation of automated devices, significant short-term changes in total mineralization and temperature in the Kosva River were revealed. This can be critically important in assessing the environmental situation in the study area. Processing of the remote sensing data and calculation of the AMWI (Acid Mine Water Index) index allowed identifying sources of pollutants, zones of their transfer and accumulation. Continuous monitoring of water bodies in such a mode provides a flow of reliable data, which minimizes the risks of obtaining biased information as well as allows timely recording of possible changes in hydrochemical parameters caused by anthropogenic and natural factors. |
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Keywords: environmental monitoring, rivers, hydrochemical characteristics, geoinformation technologies, earth remote sensing, pollutants, automated sensors
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-046-055 |
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Antibiotic sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from surface water and wastewater |
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D.A. Sedova, M.A. Sazykina, P.V. Zhuravlev, I.S. Sazykin, E.A. Egorova, I.S. Berezinskaya, T.I. Tverdokhlebova |
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Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula) and Klebsiella (Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (Schroeter) Ørskov) are opportunistic bacteria with etiological significance in multidrug-resistant infections occurrence. The presence of these bacteria strains in water bodies may indicate anthropogenic fecal contamination. Strains in wastewater and surface waters may represent an antibiotic-resistant bacteria reservoir. The aim of the study was to assess the antibiotic sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from the Don and Temernik rivers in the Rostov-on Don and Azov water areas, as well as wastewater from sewage treatment plants in Aksai and Novoshakhtinsk. To recover and enrich the microorganisms, the water samples were inoculated onto both liquid and solid media in accordance with established methodological guidelines, using a serial dilution technique. Bacterial isolates were identified via biochemical tests and mass spectrometric analysis (Microflex LT MALDI-TOF MS). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to EUCAST clinical recommendations. In total we identified 22 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 76 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Klebsiella isolates demonstrated absolute susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and meropenem; however, certain resistant phenotypes were observed against amoxicillin-clavulanate, nitrofurantoin, and cefepime. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains exhibited complete susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, though up to 25% of the isolates were resistant to imipenem and meropenem.
Furthermore, several multidrug-resistant strains were detected, displaying simultaneous resistance to multiple β-lactam antibiotics (cefepime, imipenem, and meropenem). The findings of this study confirm that both surface water bodies and wastewater can serve as reservoirs for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria. |
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Keywords: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sewage, opportunistic bacteria
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-082-090 |
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The environmental legal narrative of renewable energy sources: legal regulation in the Russian Federation and Canada |
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E.S. Koshcheeva, M.A. Smirnov |
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Section: Ecology and climate change
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The article is analyses normative-legal regulation and public policy system of the renewable energy sources (RES) in the Russian Federation and Canada. The authors analyzed the normative-legal base of RES formation, generation and effect on the development of domestic and foreign policy of the states. An attempt is made to describe and compare environmental and legal approaches to the application and realization of RES and their impact on the development of the Russian Federation and Canada. The article analyzes “green” energy on the basis of state approaches and natural-
geographical conditions of the territory of the states at its formation. In the Russian Federation the main RES sectors are solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, energy obtained from biomass and waste processing, biogas, and landfill gas. In Canada, the main clean energy sectors are more province-specific and additionally include geothermal energy, green hydrogen and territorial tidal phenomena. The RES analysis will help to identify the specifics and opportunities for application and formation of new mechanisms of state policy and improvement of the regulatory framework in the Russian Federation. The main difference between the Canadian and Russian approach to legislative regulation is the two-tier regulation: the general directions of sustainable development and the four-year strategy are fixed at the federal level, while the main legislative regulation is carried out at the provincial level, depending on regional priorities in the development of certain RES types. The experience of Canada’s “distributed” regulatory framework can be used to improve Russian legislation, as it will help to take into account regional priorities in the development of certain RES types and implement short-term renewable energy projects. |
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Keywords: renewable energy sources, environmental safety, normative regulation, public policy (public administration)
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-195-201 |
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Landscape differentiation of drained lake basins in the Southeast of Bolshezemelskaya tundra based on geoinformation analysis |
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D.A. Kaverin, S.V. Yakubenko, S.V. Deneva, A.V. Pastukhov |
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Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
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The spatial differentiation of landscape varieties of drained lake basins is characterized, based on spectral analysis of land cover surface using satellite images. The studies were conducted at the key site located in the southeast of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra, where dozens of lake basins were artificially drained in the late 1970s. Assessment of landscape differentiation patterns both at the level of individual natural territorial complexes and their groups can be carried out using a set of geoinformation, statistical and classification analysis methods. At present, willow and dwarf-shrub tundra predominate in the drained lake basins, whereas meadows and swampy hollows are less represented. The landscape differences of the basins are grouped according to the dominant vegetation and degree of drainage. Classification using abbreviation-numerical formulas is proposed to characterize landscape differentiation of the basins. The studied basins are classified mainly as moderately bushy medium-drained. Statistical relationships between the values of spectral indices and the structure of landscape differences are calculated. Correlative relations between quantitative values of spectral indices, identified levels of bushiness and drainage degree of the basins are defined. Application of the complex of methods shows that the basins drained more than forty years ago have stabilized in the aspect of landscape differentiation. Testing of the complex of methods for naturally drained basins reveals the possibility of the method application for other areas of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra. |
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Keywords: artificially drained lake basins, natural-territorial complexes, spectral indices, remote sensing data
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-026-036 |
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Comparative assessment of the environmental status of the Luga River locations |
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T.V. Kuznetsova, A.B. Manvelova, L.L. Kapranova |
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Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
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We have conducted a comprehensive assessment of the ecological status of the Luga River locations. The analysis was based on aquatic environment quality indicators, and data on heavy metal content in bottom sediments and tissues of indigenous bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum L. (Mollusca, Bivalvia), as well as on the mollusks’ physiological status (Condition Index – CI) in 7 locations of the Luga River. Differences in the physicochemical characteristics of surface water quality and heavy metal content and bioaccumulation were revealed. The maximum heavy metal concentrations in bottom sediments were typical for Zn and Pb, lower – for Cu and Cd, regardless of the sampling site. The heavy metal’s bioaccumulation coefficient in mollusk soft tissues was maximum for Zn, to a lesser extent for Cu and Cd, and minimum for Pb. The minimum CI values were obtained for the sampling site below Tolmachevo, the maximum – for the sampling site below confluence of the Solka and the Luga rivers. A small population of mollusks has been identified within the city of Luga. This may be due to the low dissolved oxygen content in the water in addition to environmental pollution. The CI (general health status) was calculated using various morphometric and mass parameters of mollusks sampled in different locations. A comparative analysis of the CI showed the effectiveness of this approach in assessing the ecological status of the studied aquatic ecosystems based on the status of the local biota. |
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Keywords: comprehensive assessment of the ecological status, physicochemical indicators of water quality, heavy metals, sediments, tissues of mollusks, condition (general health status) indexes of bivalves
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-065-073 |
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Climatic and post-agrarian vectors of transformation of forested areas in old-developed regions of European Russia |
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V.V. Elsakov, T.A. Mylnikova, A.Yu. Borovlev, L.M. Baskin, V.M. Shchanov |
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Section: Ecology and climate change
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The article analyses changes in the vegetation cover in several districts of the Kostroma Volga region within 1985–2023 using multi-temporal Landsat and MODIS satellite data. Two thematic maps of vegetation cover and land surface (M 1 : 100 000) were prepared based on Landsat images (for 08.08.1985 and 10.08.2018). The maps were used to identify changes in dominant classes of the region. Case study in some districts show that the share of coniferous forest communities increased from 32.6 to 43.8%. The share of deciduous communities remained unchanged (39.7–39.9%). The proportion of ‘indigenous’ forests (classified as one class in 1985 and 2018) was 25.9% for coniferous forests and 26.2% for deciduous forests. Comparison of detailed resolution images of Corona KH-2 (19.08.1973) and ESRI Imagery (29.04.2023) shows that areas of changes are associated with overgrowing fallow lands and agricultural territories. The most active overgrowth can be observed at the edges of plots bordering with forest phytocenoses. The canopy density indices calculated from Landsat winter and early spring images reflect changes in the forest communities most fully. After a conflagration in 1972 forest communities with a canopy density of up to 80–90% were restored by 2015. Undisturbed coniferous native forests are characterized by a gradual decrease (about 0.2% per year) in canopy density values; this fact can be used as an indicator of intact forests. Analysis of changes in the spectral EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) shows that most of the forest community classes remain stable. However, the considerable length of the observation period (24 years) leveled out the calculated linear trend for many sites, even with large changes. |
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Keywords: forest stands, satellite research methods, global transformations of boreal ecosystems
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Article published in number 3 for 2025
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2025-3-188-194 |
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ISSN 1995-4301
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