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Calcium nitrate anhydrous and ammonium sulfate crystalline obtaining from phosphate fertilizers wastes |
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A.V. Shilyaev, I.D. Troshkina |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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Extractive phosphoric acid and phosphoric mineral fertilizers processing forms wastes, phosphogypsum is the main. Phosphogypsum is not widely used due to its low radioactivity. Most of it is accumulated in dumps for long-term storage. Phosphogypsum can be considered as a potential source of calcium, sulfur, phosphorus and rare earths (REs) of the cerium group. The aim of the work is to develop a technology for obtaining calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 anhydrous, ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 crystalline and REs’ concentrate from phosphogypsum. We develop a basic process flow diagram that allows separating REs’ concentrate from calcium and sulfur compounds. (NH4)2SO4 is a product of the reaction between phosphogypsum and an excess of ammonium carbonate solution. The resulting phosphochalk is separated from the (NH4)2SO4 solution by filtration. The (NH4)2SO4 solution is neutralized with sulfuric acid to pH 4–6, evaporated, and (NH4)2SO4 crystallized. Phosphochalk is dissolved in excess nitric acid. The resulting acidic Ca(NO3)2 solution is cooled to -10 °C to separate the Ca(NO3)2·4H2O crystals. After the above separating the REs’ concentrate is precipitated with ammonia. After washing with nitric acid at -10 °C, the crystals are dissolved and neutralized with CaCO3
to pH 4. The resulting chalk pulp is filtered, separating Ca(NO3)2 solution from insoluble impurities of calcium phosphate and fluoride. The purified Ca(NO3)2 solution is evaporated and granulated to obtain Ca(NO3)2 anhydrous. |
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Keywords: phosphogypsum, waste, phosphoric acid processing, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate anhydrous, phosphochalk, rare earths, concentrate
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-154-160 |
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Selenium deficiency in soils and methods for its correction |
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N.V. Syrchina, L.V. Pilip, T.Ya. Ashikhmina, D.V. Demidov |
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Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
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Micronutrient Se is characterized by extremely low physiological requirements and a narrow threshold between deficiency and toxicity. Selenium deficiency leads to poor health and shortened lifespan. Soil is the primary source of Se for plants, and this element is then passed along the food chain. Most agricultural soils are characterized by a significant Se deficiency. Enriching soils with this micronutrient not only increases Se-content in agricultural products but also enhances the productivity of agrocenoses, reduces pathogen load on plants, and improves their stress resistance. Se-containing fertilizers can be used to enrich soils. Fertilizers containing Se in organic form or bioform are considered the safest, however, the production of such fertilizers is relatively expensive. Sodium selenate is most often used as a source of Se for plants. High toxicity is its disadvantage limiting its use in agriculture. Commercial forms of combined fertilizers enriched with Se are considered safer. The production and marketing of affordable and effective Se fertilizers is of great social importance. However, the technological aspects of their production have not been adequately addressed in scientific publications. Questions regarding optimal Se application rates to soils have not yet received an acceptable answer. Various publications report positive effects with Se applications ranging from 4 to 200 g/ha for the same crop. Assessing the environmental risks of large-scale Se-fertilizer use is controversial. However, there is evidence that due to volatile compounds formed, Se does not accumulate in soils and virtually does not migrate into groundwater. |
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Keywords: selenium, micronutrients, soils, fertilizers, selenium bioavailability
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-006-018 |
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Geochemistry of the Zilair basin groundwater in the Ural hydrogeological folded region (Southern Urals) |
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T.D. Shabutdinov, R.F. Abdrakhmanov, A.O. Poleva, V.N. Durnaeva |
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Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
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Fresh groundwater resources in the Republic of Bashkortostan are distributed extremely unevenly. Its eastern regions are particularly water-deficient. An assessment of the geochemistry of fractured groundwater in the Zilair Basin (the Ural hydrogeological folded region, the Southern Urals), helps to identify additional sources of fresh groundwater to meet the needs of the republic’s population. All groundwater in this area is fresh. Their salinity ranges from 0.04 to 0.9 g/dm3. Their total hardness ranges from 0.2 to 3.39 mmol/dm3. Groundwater of the magnesium-bicarbonate and magnesium-calcium-bicarbonate types, associated with ultramafic and mafic rocks, is extremely rare in the Southern Urals. Due to their low mineralization (up to 1 g/dm3) and high magnesium content, which is essential for the normal functioning of the human body, they can be used as table mineral waters. |
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Keywords: Zilair synclinorium, fresh groundwater resources, ultramafic rocks of the Kraka massifs, magnesium-bicarbonate waters
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-096-104 |
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Monitoring of the Littorella uniflora population and its habitat in Lake Svityaz (Republic of Belarus) |
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I.P. Voznyachuk, N.D. Hryshchankava, N.L. Voznyachuk |
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Section: Population ecology
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We assessed the status of Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers. population and its habitat based on long-term studies (2000–2023). It is an extremely rare, endangered, protected species for Belarus. Lake Svityaz is the only known location of L. uniflora habitat in Belarus. The species cenotic role in the community, its dynamics depending on biotopic, ecotopic and anthropogenic factors were revealed. The boundaries of the species distribution within the lake were determined. We assessed the changes in lake overgrowth and physicochemical indicators of the water over the long-term observation period. Major threats have been identified and measures to restore the L. uniflora habitat are proposed. Signs of progressive eutrophication are detected: decreased nitrogen compounds and the absence of phosphates in the surface water layer due to the phytoplankton active development; hydrosulphuric zone in the hypolimnion; a decrease in the dissolved oxygen content and transparency of water to 2–3 m; water “blooming”; an increase in the reed beds’ density and extent (up to 52 % of the coastline); rapid degradation of the hydrophytic vegetation belt (the depth of maximum growth of submerged plants decreased from 7.0 to 2.5 m over a 40-year period). Analysis of the higher aquatic vegetation species composition showed its reduction from 14 to 8 species due to the loss of a number of submerged plant species. The above indicates a structural restructuring of plant communities towards helophytic vegetation and deterioration in water quality. Littorella uniflora dominates in underwater communities, but its abundance is declining. Excessive recreational load and changes in hydrological regime degrade the Lake Svityaz and the L. uniflora population. We proposed some measures to regulate recreational load, improve the sanitary condition of the coast and a number of internal measures. The recommendations are aimed to stabilize the lake ecological status, to conserve the sustainability of its ecosystem and to protect the L. uniflora unique population. |
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Keywords: Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers., Lake Svityaz, aquatic vegetation, monitoring, recreational load, eutrophication, restoration
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-217-226 |
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Study of the possibility of using composite sorbents to purify water from oil products at low temperatures |
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E.A. Tatarintseva, L.N. Olshanskaya |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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The development of oil fields in the Arctic is associated with high risks of environmental pollution. Increased hydrocarbon production is accompanied by concerns regarding the level of preparedness for potential emergency situations associated with oil spills. The infrastructure in most areas of the Far North does not meet the requirements for the prompt elimination of large-scale environmental pollution arising from oil production activities. The aim of this study was to study the feasibility of using composite sorption materials made from industrial waste to purify water from oil spills at temperatures ranging from –5 to +20 оC. We studied the physicomechanical properties as the important characteristics of sorbents. Specific surface area of the studied sorbents ranges from 20 to 35 m2/g, density is < 1 cm3/g, porosity is approximately 80–90 %, and mechanical strength is high. The proposed sorbents were shown to possess hydrophobic properties, as evidenced by a high contact angle (130о–140о) and good buoyancy for 96 hours. The oil sorption time with a purification efficiency exceeding 99.0 % is 20 minutes. The oil absorption capacity of the obtained materials for oil recovery at low temperatures (–5 оC) ranges from 3 to 22 g/g. A sorbent with magnetic properties was obtained due to the content of ferritized galvanic sludge, significantly simplifying the process of its collection from the water surface. The obtained sorption materials solve the problem of water purification from oil as well as the problem of producing low-cost sorbents from industrial waste such as polyethylene terephthalate, galvanic sludge, and sawdust. |
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Keywords: sorbent, water purification, oil pollution, graphene oxide, polyethylene terephthalate, ferritized galvanic sludge, magnetosorbent, industrial waste
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-145-153 |
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An innovative approach to the composite coatings creation using industrial waste resources |
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S.L. Fuchs, K.O. Kamalov |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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Environmental hazard of machinery production and aircraft industry can be reduced by reutilization of electrolytes for deposition of composite electrochemical coatings with enhanced physical properties. Specifically, composites consisting of the nickel matrix and dispersed phase can be obtained. The dispersed phase consists of micro- and nanoparticles which improves coating appearance and enhances performance parameters. Fly ash is formed during the combustion of solid fuel in the Thermal Power Plant (TPP). It is promising as dispersed phase because is consists of spherical particles of various diameters. The fly ash activation in the disposal solution of chemical-nickel plating causes an increase in particle size and weight due to the reduction of nickel over the particle surface and in agglomerates. The TPP-5 (Kirov, Russian Federation) fly ash is used in this study to obtain “nickel–activated fly ash” composite electrochemical coatings (CEC). The introduction of the fly ash coated with chemically-deposited nickel into the matrix obtained by electrochemical platting of nickel is shown to form the CEC with improved wear resistance due to the reduction of internal stresses and the absence of delamination. Dispersed particles embedded into the nickel matrix change its morphology and mechanical characteristics of the coating without changing the appearance. The obtained results demonstrate that the most promising combination for obtaining CEC is the following: the disposal nickel-plating electrolyte containing nickel-coated magnetic fraction of the fly ash with the particle size below 125 µm. The application of the disposal nickel-plating electrolyte solution with a low nickel concentration for fly ash activation makes liquid waste processing easier and cheaper. |
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Keywords: fly ash, nickel plating, composite materials, coating, microhardness
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-124-133 |
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Biological treatment of industrial wastewater using carriers from secondary resources |
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E.V. Kalinina, L.V. Rudakova, A.A. Trefilova |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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The treatment of industrial wastewater containing toxic impurities is a difficult environmental challenge. It can be solved by using a combination of free-floating and carrier-attached reactive sludge in reactors. Biomass carriers are often made from various synthetic materials (polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyethylene), sometimes with the addition of organic and mineral components. In this paper we substantiate the expediency of using secondary resources as a carrier of fixed biomass in the process of biological wastewater treatment. We use fine fraction of recycled PET flakes (5–10 mm), light fraction of PET bottle recycling waste (labels) and carbon-synthetic carrier based on residues after thermodesorption of oil-containing waste and low-pressure polyethylene waste. The most effective biomass fixation occurs on light fraction of PET bottles recycling waste (2.25 g/g of carrier) and carbon-synthetic carrier based on residues after thermodesorption of oil-containing waste and low-pressure polyethylene waste (3.5g/g of carrier). Application of these biomass carriers allows increasing the efficiency of oily wastewater treatment in comparison with the technology with free-floating sludge by 7 % for oil products and by 17 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD). This corresponds to a treatment efficiency of 97 % for oil products and 92 % for COD. Thus, the species diversity of free-floating microorganisms of activated sludge increases by almost 2 times as well as the number of higher trophic level microorganisms in the sludge, the sedimentation properties of activated sludge improve and transparency of treated wastewater increases as a result of application in the biological treatment of oily wastewater a biomass carriers on secondary resources base. |
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Keywords: wastewater treatment, activated sludge, oil products, biomass carrier
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-113-123 |
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Mechanisms for coordinated ecologization of operational diesel locomotives |
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V.V. Tsyganov, A.K. Enaleev, S.A. Savushkin |
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Section: Ecologization of industry
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Environmentally friendly development of railway transport is mainly due to the greening of diesel locomotives. Requirements for their environmental friendliness are traditionally reflected in national and regional standards for permissible emissions of the main harmful substances – nitrogen and carbon oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particles. However, in practice, these standards remain unchanged for decades. During this time, new, more environmentally friendly technologies appear. However, outdated standards sometimes do not stimulate their implementation. For example, to date, neither in Russia nor in the world have mechanisms been developed that would stimulate the use of such technologies to improve the environmental friendliness of already operated locomotives that have long met the specified unchangeable standards. The paper proposes a mechanism for the greening of such locomotives. It includes a procedure for forming standards for classifying the emission indicators of the harmful substances by locomotives into one of four classes. The specified standards depend on the mileage and duration of locomotive operation, as well as on the stage of locomotive construction at which it was created. When forming these standards, both domestic standards and national and regional standards of countries with advanced locomotive construction are used. Then, by combining the specified classes, the environmental class of the locomotive is determined. Depending on the latter, interested parties are stimulated – researchers and developers of innovations, production personnel, ecologists and managers. Thus, the interests of these parties are consistent with the interests of greening railway transport and environmental protection. Examples of determining the environmental classes of domestic and foreign locomotives created at different stages of the development of locomotive construction, depending on the duration of their operation are considered. The obtained results are implemented in the development of the concept of requirements for locomotives of JSC “Russian Railways” in the field of environmental protection. |
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Keywords: environment, harmful factors, railways, emissions, emission assessment, emission control, greenhouse gases, hydrocarbons, incentive mechanisms
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-134-144 |
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Parameters of autumn migratory stopover of young chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758) in the Eastern Russian Plain |
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G.L. Nakul |
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Section: Population ecology
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Over a five-year period, young chaffinches were captured to determine the parameters of their migratory stopover (timing and dynamics of flight, duration of migratory stopover, molting during migration, and the rate of birds’ fat accumulation during migratory stopover) in the taiga zone in the Eastern Russian Plain. The data from the 416 birds’ initial captures were analyzed, only 20 individuals of which were recaptured. The average migratory stopover for young chaffinches lasted 1 day. During the first day the birds lose about 5 % of their average body weight, but in the following days, the losses are restored. The behavioral strategy of young chaffinches at migratory stopovers in the Eastern Russian Plain coincides with the general behavioral strategy of many passerines, regardless of the continent and species. This species is characterized by a combination of post-juvenile molting and autumn migration, which reduces the rate of fat accumulation, but does not prevent an increase in body weight due to other types of tissue. The combination of two costly physiological processes occurs in conditions where the species does not need to make long migration and overcome extensive ecological barriers, and as a result, chaffinches make minimal migratory stopovers. Longer stopovers are much more beneficial for young birds, since they allow them to increase their “fuel” reserves and increase their chances of successfully completing the next migration. |
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Keywords: Fringilla coelebs L., autumn migration, migratory stopover, rate of fat accumulation
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-189-198 |
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Effects of Eisenia fetida population size on Lactuca sativa growth and productivity in model ecosystems |
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T.I. Zyubanova, O.M. Minaeva, E.E. Akimova, N.N. Tereshchenko |
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Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
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Artificial ecosystems are a convenient tool for studying the environmental effect on the functioning and interrelation between different elements in a model biosphere. An increase in the productivity of artificial ecosystems can be associated with the introduction of natural decomposers (earthworms), which alter the qualitative and quantitative composition of the soil microbiota, accelerate the processes of organic matter mineralization, increase the suppressive activity of substrates, and positively affect plant growth and development. In laboratory experiments, we evaluated the effect of a biotic factor (Eisenia fetida population) on model system productivity (Lactuca sativa plants). Earthworms were introduced at 6, 12, 25, 37, and 62 individuals per kg substrate (peat and 10 % of cattle manure). At the experiment’s finish, each plant’s height, leaf area, biomass (fresh and dry), photosynthetic pigment content, and photosystem II photochemical activity parameters were measured; earthworms and cocoons were counted; and the earthworms were weighed as well as worm cast. It was found that earthworms reproduced successfully in all microcosms, increasing their population. The earthworm population’s size in the microcosm affected the lettuce plants’ vegetative growth and physiological and biochemical parameters. The earthworms also significantly affected lettuce productivity and photochemical quenching coefficients. The effect of earthworm population size had a classical ecological form and could be described by an optimum curve (Shelford’s law of tolerance). Maximum plant productivity and vegetative growth were achieved with 25 and 37 earthworms per kg substrate. These data can be extrapolated to the biosphere’s natural elements and can be used to develop artificial ecosystems and increase greenhouse system productivity. |
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Keywords: earthworm, lettuce, microcosm, photochemical activity of photosystem, photosynthesis, productivity, Shelford’s law of tolerance
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Article published in number 1 for 2026
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-027-035 |
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ISSN 1995-4301
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