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The changes in growth processes of the European grayling from the Timan stream in conditions of non-controlled exploitation |
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E.I. Boznak, A.B. Zakharov |
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Section: Population ecology
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The work deals with the retrospective analysis of linear growth dynamics for the European grayling in one of the Middle Timan streams (the Vym River, the Northern Dvina basin) under continuous unsustainable exploitation. The European grayling grows relatively fast indicating favorable environmental conditions. In contrast with the data of 1970-1990-ies, the specimens from generations formed in unsustainable fishing years (born in 2003-2012) increase in the segmented body length value (by 15%), absolute increments (by 19%), and specific growth rate (on the second-fourth living year – by 12%). Then, the grow rate slows down. The following five years do not much differ by the considered parameters. The growth slowdown seems to be related to the active commercial catching of quickly-growing fish specimens as they early reach the right size. The accelerated growth processes are accompanied by accelerated sexual development. The grayling normally becomes mature on the fifth-sixth living year (in 1980-1990-ies). From the early 2000-s, we regularly face sexually mature four-year-old (3+) specimens. There are no true correlation between mean annual temperatures and body length of five-to-seven-year-old specimens. The food resources of grayling also hold stable. Thus, the continuous over-exploitation of fish population results in visible changes in population parameters (population decrease, age structure degradation) and invisible aftereffects (growth and sexual maturation acceleration). |
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Keywords: the European grayling, linear growth, sexual maturation, non-commercial fishing, over-exploitation
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-222-228 |
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Stimulation of indigenous aerobic microflora for bioremediation of soils polluted with petroleum products |
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I.V. Trusei, Yu.L. Gurevich, V.P. Ladygina, S.V. Fadeev |
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Section: Remediation and rehabilitation
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The numbers of hydrocarbon-oxidizing and ammonifying microorganisms (psychrophilic and mesophilic) in the soils of the aeration zone and groundwater polluted with petroleum products under application of mineral fertilizers were analyzed. In the soils of the aeration zone, the numbers of aerobic microorganisms increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude, ammonifying ones – up to 107 CFU/g, hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms – up to 106 CFU/g, at the same time numbers of psychrophilic microorganisms increased by 13%. In groundwater the numbers of psychrophilic hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms increased from 104 to 107 CFU/g, mesophilic ones from 105 to 107 CFU/g; the numbers of ammonificating microorganisms increased from 104 to 108 CFU/g and from 105 to 107 CFU/g, respectively. The number and variety of protozoa also increased. In the soils only flagellates of Bodo genus were found, their numbers during processing changed from 10-102 cells/g to 103 cells/g; in groundwater from 102–103 cells/ml to 104 cells/ml. The number of ciliata (Ciliata, Uronema genus) in groundwater changed from tens of cells per ml to 102–103 cells/ml. After treatment, ciliata were detected in all water samples, and in addition to Uronema genus ciliata of Colpoda genus were discovered. The biostimulation produced changes in the chemical composition of groundwater (ammonium concentration, permanganate oxidizability of water), that indicated the decomposition of petroleum products and the appearance of easily oxidizable organic substances in water. The concentration of petroleum products in groundwater over the course of 3 years has decreased from 500–120 mg/dm3 to 10–1.5 mg/dm3. |
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Keywords: bioremediation, cold-adapted microorganisms, aeration zone, groundwater, petroleum products, protozoa
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View additional file |
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-149-155 |
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Elimination of fecal indicator bacteria in soils at repeated irrigation with livestock waste |
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О.E. Chezlova, А.A. Volchak |
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Section: Social ecology
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To determine the survival time of fecal indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci) in soils, a field experiment was conducted on sod-podzolic gley soil on cohesive sand when disposing of wastewater from livestock farms. During the field season, wastewater was introduced three times by the norms of 90, 180 and 270 m3 / ha. By the end of the vegetation period, the content of coliform bacteria in the soil using the norms of 180 and 270 m3 / ha is 2.17x102 and 2.16x102 CFU / g, respectively; the number of enterococci is 3.94x102 CFU / g and 2.17x102 CFU / g, respectively. To describe the dynamics of the number of microorganisms, a first order approximation was used. During the first irrigation with wastewater, the highest withering rate was observed in E. coli: the extinction constant k was in the range from 0.129 to 0.253 day -1, and the time of a 10-fold reduction in numbers from 17.9 to 10.4 days with irrigation rates of 90 and 180 m3 / ha, respectively. For enterococci, the parameter k ranged from 0.092 to 0.149 day -1, and the time of 90% elimination ranged from 25.1 to 15.4 days with irrigation rates of 90 and 270 m3 / ha, respectively. For coliform bacteria with a watering rate of 90 m3 / ha, k = 0.131 day-1, and the time of 90% elimination is 17.6 days. By the third irrigation with wastewater, the rate of elimination of E. coli, enterococci and coliform bacteria decreased - the constant k decreased by an average of 4.45, 3.79 and 2.12 times, respectively. For an adequate description of the dynamics of indicator bacteria in soils, it is necessary to take into account climatic, soil factors, the amount of wastewater, etc. |
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Keywords: sanitary-indicative bacteria, sewage irrigation, soil quality, models
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-236-242 |
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Ecological condition of the coast of the Maloe More strait and its influence on pollution of Lake Baikal |
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I.A. Belozertseva, I.B. Vorobyeva, N.V. Vlasova, D.N. Lopatina, M.S. Yanchuk |
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Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
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In the winter-spring, in the summer and fall of 2016-2018 complex physiographic researches in east Priolkhonye with sampling of snow, soils and a surface water are conducted. Local pollution of snow and atmospheric air near settlements and camp sites of the coast of the Lake Baikal is revealed. Content of ammonium, phosphates and oil products in snow exceed maximum allowable concentration. Pollution of coastal waters of Small Sea Strait and the Sarma River in a recreational zone is established. Ecological, chemical and physical soil properties of meadow and steppe landscapes of Olkhon district in the territory of the east coast of the Lake Baikal which is most visited by tourists are studied. The explored soils have mainly low-power strong and middle stony profile, light particle size distribution, high content of a humus, mainly neutral and weak alkaline reaction. As a result of the conducted researches it is revealed that soils near tourist tracks are polluted by heavy metals. The ecological condition of soils at the present stage can be characterized as average degree of a disturbance as a result of recreational activity. Geochemical barriers are - organic and alkaline. However owing to light particle size distribution of soils there can be a pollution of waters of a coastal zone of the lake. |
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Keywords: soils, snow, water, pollution, recreation, Maloe More Strait, Lake Baikal
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-066-074 |
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Influence of microbiological preparations on yield of spring soft wheat |
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I.U. Ivanova, D.A. Dementiev |
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Section: Agroecology
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Thousands of tons of chemical products are used annually in the world industrial production of agricultural products, both mineral fertilizers and toxic chemicals, aimed at combating diseases, pests and weeds. These chemicals actively influence not only the object of the struggle, but also the soil flora and fauna. The inhabitants of the soil, which loosen the soil, as well as the microorganisms involved in the processes of humification and mineralization of humus, are dying. The vacant ecological niches are occupied by organisms pathogenic for plants. This leads to the need to apply disinfectants and fungicides in even larger quantities.
One way to break this destructive chain is to replace chemical fungicidal drugs with microbiological ones. In these preparations, microorganisms are natural competitors of phytopathogens, which have an antibiotic effect, protecting the cultivated crop from diseases. In addition, these microorganisms are able to assimilate free nitrogen of the air, supplying them with plants and soil, transfer inaccessible phosphorus compounds to plants that are readily available for plants, produce growth stimulants and other biologically active substances that positively affect the growth, development and productivity of the crop. Also, the soil is saturated with microflora useful for the soil and plants.
On the experimental base of the Chuvash Research Institute of Agriculture, the effect of microbiological preparations on biometrics, yield and economic efficiency of cultivation of spring soft wheat varieties Moskovskaya 35 was investigated. The greatest increase in yield on average for 2 years was given by the joint use of preparations based on nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms - up to 1.5 t / ha. At the same time, the cost of bio-fertilizers amounted to 1.9-5.4% of the total cost structure. The profitability of cultivation increased from 14.4% with the use of only one strain of microorganisms, up to 43.5% with the use of 2 types of microbiological fertilizers, in comparison with the control. |
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Keywords: microbiological fertilizers, growth stimulants, spring soft wheat, yield
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View additional file |
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-128-133 |
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Estimation of Dunaliella salina Teod. maximum productivity under natural illumination |
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A.S. Lelekov, A.B. Borovkov, I.N. Gudvilovich, T.M. Novikova, A.L. Avsiyan, O.A. Memetshaeva, R.P. Trenkenshu |
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Section: Population ecology
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The research deals with theoretical calculation of the maximal growth rate of green halophilic microalga Dunaliella salina in the conditions of natural illumination at South regions of Russia (Sevastopol city as an example). The calculation is based on the concept that microalgae growth rate is defined as the difference between gross productivity and endogenous biomass expenditure rate. Gross productivity is a function of PAR, absorption coefficient and energy utilization efficiency. For maximal productivity calculation it is suggested that all incident of the pond surface light energy is absorbed by microalgae culture. As far as photobiosynthesis efficiency value depends on illuminance in a complex way, we used average value 5.58 %. The rate of endogenous biomass expenditure was determined based on the value of night losses, which for D. salina was about 5 %.Computations showed that for D. salina maximum biomass gain makes 26 g DW/(m2•day). It is shown that the maximum observed productivity of D. salina in the conditions of natural light in the southern regions of Russia cannot exceed 26 g DW/(m2•day). |
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Keywords: Dunaliella salina, natural lighting, efficiency photobiosynthesis, productivity, modeling
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-202-207 |
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The biodisposal of organic waste by larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens and the possibility of using the formed zoocompost against phytonematodes |
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N.A. Ushakova, S.V. Zinovieva, Zh.V. Udalova, A.I. Bastrakov, A.I. Butenko |
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Section: Remediation and rehabilitation
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Larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens effectively use fruit and vegetable mixtures as a feed substrate-waste of retail chains, including those infected with nematodes. It is shown that the larvae are capable of high speed to dispose of the potatoes (for the 12 day it reached 70% conversion of substrate) and completely eliminated in the affected root as the potato plant pathogenic nematode Ditylenchus destructor and saprobiotic nematode Rhabditis spp., which impair the commercial properties of potatoes and other root crops during storage. In the control substrate without larvae of the black soldier fly phytopathogenic nematodes were preserved during the study period, and saprobiotic nematodes multiplied. Introduction derived from fruit and vegetable waste zoocompost (excrements of the larvae with the remains of undigested substrate) to the soil reduces the infectivity of tomato root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The introduction of compost under the root system immediately before the infection of the 2-month tomato seedlings reduced the negative impact of the nematode, the plants were more powerful than the infected control. Plants treated with zoocompost at a dose of 6.5 g / plant were particularly distinguished: the mass of their above-ground part and the height of the stem was close to uninfected control. Shown the prospects of using to compete to stimulate growth and development of plants, especially of plants suffering from nematode infestation. |
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Keywords: fruit and vegetable waste, larvae, Hermetia illucens, bioutilization, nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Rhabditida, Meloidogyne incognita, tomatoes
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-163-169 |
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Binding capacity of humic substances of peats in the relation to petroleum products in the presence of microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus in aqueous media |
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M.M. Gertsen, E.D. Dmitrieva |
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Section: Ecotoxicology
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The biotesting method was used to study the effect of humic substances separately and together with oil degrading microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus on a test object - duckweed in the relation to oil products. The maximum growth of duckweed blades in the presence of humic substances of black alder fen peat is 42%, the minimum - humic substances of sphagnum transition peat 24%. It was found that humic substances of peats can reduce the toxic effect of model pollutants: hexadecane by 3–23%; diesel fuel - 8–40%; oil - 6-16%. The detoxifying ability of humic substances and microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus in the relation to oil hydrocarbons was determined: the maximum values of the detoxification coefficients of microorganisms Rh. erythropolis S67 and humic substances of reed fen and sphagnum high-moor peat 95–79% and 84–68%; Rh. erythropolis X5 and humic substances of sphagnum high-moor and sphagnum transition peat 82–68% and 71–63%. Humic substances are able to stimulate the growth of oil degrading microorganisms, activating their enzymatic system, thereby contributing to the maximum oxidation of oil hydrocarbons. Due to its surface and biologically active properties, the combined use of humic substances and oil degrading microorganisms can provide environmentally friendly and effective remediation of contaminated water areas. |
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Keywords: humic substances, petroleum, petroleum products, oil–destructive microorganisms, binding capacity, detoxification coefficients
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View additional file |
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-142-148 |
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Ecologization of agricultural science and production – agricultural ecology – agricultural econology (in the light of the scientific heritage of N. F. Reymers) |
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A.V. Kaverin, A.V. Kiryushin, D.A. Masserov |
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Section: Agroecology
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The article substantiates the relevance of further improvement of ecological professionalism in agriculture. The dominant environmental problems in the agricultural sector, the authors see the following: extensive agriculture and cattle breeding – everywhere in the world leads to desertification; intensive management causes acute environmental conflicts associated with pollution of soil, water and air, deterioration of the quality of agricultural products, etc.are the proposals of a prominent domestic theorist of environmental science N. F. Reimers on the greening of agricultural science and practice. The importance of studying by students of agricultural specialties of natural-scientific fundamental ecological bases of conducting agriculture-the laws, rules and principles of Agroecology defining "rules of behavior" in agricultural environmental management is considered. It is pointed out that there is an urgent need for new methodological, methodical and purely practical approaches to solving environmental prob-lems of agriculture. As a new, ecologically oriented worldview in agricultural science the inte-grative discipline economic ecology – the science of ecological and economic systems is offered. Among the main directions of agricultural economic ecology is the greening of planning and management of agricultural environmental management. Under the environmental planning of agriculture, the authors, after N. F. Reimers, understand, first of all, ecological land planning and establishment of forms, methods and restrictions of use of land resources. The article presents the results of economic and environmental studies and practical recommendations for environmental and economic optimization of the structure of agricultural land in the Republic of Mordovia over the past 28 years. Such spatial optimization allowed to increase a number of important indicators (crop yields, water availability, etc.) by 30-50%. At the same time, it expanded the recreational and waste-absorbing (assimilation) opportunities of the region by about the same amount. |
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Keywords: agricultural ecology, agricultural economic environment, agricultural land use, ecological theory, ecologization
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Article published in number 2 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-2-102-106 |
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Optimization of the conditions of microbial cells immobilization for the creation of hydrocarbons-degrading biopreparations |
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A.A. Samkov, N.N. Volchenko, А.A. Khudokormov, S.M. Samkova, E.V. Karaseva |
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Section: Ecotoxicology
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The dependence of the adsorption efficiency on the oil sorbent surface on the pH of the immobilization medium, Al3+ concentration and the duration of the suspension of cells and carrier contact, was investigated for oil-oxidizing actinobacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis F1 (ВКМ Ac-2271) by the full factorial experiment method. Tolerance of growth and hydrocarbon-oxidizing activity of rhodococci to selected experimental factors in the used ranges of values was experimentally proved. The obtained optimized conditions of immobilization provide the increasing of R. erythropolis F1 immobilizing cells proportion from 34.0 to 69.7%. A similar increasing was also found for five different strains of genus Rhodococcus and Gordonia, significantly distinguishing in terms of cell surface hydrophobicity (hydrophobicity index vary from 10% in the case of Rhodococcus sp. J12 up to 88% in case of Rhodococcus sp. J8). Modeling of biodegradation of crude oil in sea and freshwater conditions using immobilized R. erythropolis F1 cells has shown greater hydrocarbon concentration reduction efficiency in comparison with free non-immobilised cells and empty carrier, applied separately. |
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Keywords: actinobacteria; adsorption; oil-oxidizing bacteria; Rhodococcus; biodegradation; immobilization; biological preparation.
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Article published in number 1 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-1-194-202 |
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ISSN 1995-4301
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