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Some aspects of the problem of the wolf’s (Canis lupus L.) penetration in the settlements of the Komi Republic

A.N. Korolev

Section: Social ecology

We described the problem of wolves penetrations into the settlements of the Komi Republic in 2014–2020 based on the analysis of electronic media messages (n = 271). The frequency of its penetration into human settlement increased significantly on the background of growing of the wolf’s population. The predator was recorded in at least 106 settlements (14.7% of the number of settlements in the region with a non-zero population) and in 18 (out of 20) districts. It was recorded in villages as well as in cities, including the capital of the region – Syktyvkar. Approximately half (48.2%) of these settlements are located in four southern Komi Republic districts: Ust-Vymsky, Sysolsky, Syktyvdinsky and Kortkerossky. Settlements with the predator occurrences differed in population size from settlements without the predator occurrences. The median population size of the first settlements group (482 citizens, confidence interval CI = 93–3367, n = 106) was significantly higher (Mann-Whitney U-test, Z = -8.80, p < 0.001) than in second group (92 citizens, CI = 5–750, n = 614). The main negative consequences of the wolves invasions was its depredation on domestic animals (cows, calves, goats, sheep, cats and dogs). The main object of the wolves predation in settlements are dogs. Most of the attacks on dogs (70.4%) occur from October to January. The attacks was not recorded in April and May only. The number of the attacks on dogs varies greatly by region and year. The estimated size of the maximum annual death of dogs from wolf predation in rural areas of the Komi Republic is about 400–500 individuals or 1.5–2% of the total size of the ‘‘rural’’ dogs’ population in the region (our estimation is 24.2 thousand individuals). In some areas, the value of the annual death of dogs due to the wolf’s attacks reaches many tens (up to hundreds) of individuals.

Keywords: wolf, Canis lupus, Komi Republic, settlements, death of domestic animals

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-237-243

The effect of fullerenes C60 and C70 on the growth and photosynthesis of the algae culture Scenedesmus quadricauda

G.A. Dallakyan, V.I. Ipatova, I.V. Mikheev, A.M. Lazareva, S.I. Poghosyan

Section: Ecotoxicology

Because of the increasing production of fullerenes and the likelihood of their release into the environment, studies of the effects of their impact on biological systems, on aquatic organisms, are becoming especially relevant. The effects of the action of an aqueous dispersion of fullerenes C60 and C70 at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mg/L on the cell number, the efficiency of photosynthesis, and the proportion of living cells in the culture of a traditional test object Scenedesmus guadricauda are described. The experiments were carried out on Uspensky medium in 100 ml conical flasks with 50 ml of medium in triplicate for each concentration and control for 17 days. A significant stimulating effect on the change of the cell number and the efficiency of photosynthesis is shown during the experiment. In the presence of 10 mg/L fullerene C60 or C70, the stimulation of the photosynthesis efficiency of the culture was up to 25% and 14%, respectively, compared to the control, and concentrations of 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L did not cause a significant effect. At the same time, when exposed to 10 mg/L of fullerene C60 and C70, the cell number increased by 27% and 20%, respectively, and with 5 mg/L of fullerene C60, the stimulating effect was less expressed. When both fullerene C60 and fullerene C70 were added to the medium, in the range of 1–10 mg/L, the cells remained viable during the experiment, while the proportion of living cells was at the control level (98-99%).

Keywords: fullerene C60, fullerene C70, Scenedesmus guadricauda, photosynthesis efficiency, cell number

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-193-197

Technogenic halogenesis of oil-contaminated soils of floodplain ecosystems under conditions of humid soil formation and its environmental consequences

M.V. Nosova, V.P. Seredina

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The content and patterns of spatial distribution of readily soluble salts of technogenic origin in the soils of oil-contaminated floodplain ecosystems of Western Siberia within the middle taiga subzone (Tomsk region) are considered. Peculiarities of technogenic salinization – halogenesis processes that arise as a result of the operation of oilfield technological facilities (field pipelines), are not typical for humid soil formation conditions and consist in the appearance of specific compounds of toxic salts and signs of soil salinization. It is revealed that salinization leads to deterioration of soil fertility and the creation of adverse conditions for the growth and development of plants. In the studied soils, technogenic salts are represented by compounds of the toxic salts NaCl, Na2 SO4 , MgCl2 . The maximum amount of salts is recorded in the upper horizons of soils. Soils have medium salinization (at the epicenter), and weak salinization (impact zone, pollution boundary) with a sulfate type of salinity according to cationic composition, sodium type – according to anionic. The detected changes make it possible to assess the ecological state of oil-contaminated soils in areas prone to excessive moisture (Western Siberia) as unsatisfactory, and to develop a set of scientific recommendations for the implementation of the biological stage of remediation of floodplain soils. One of the scientifically based methods may be the use of rolled biomats at the final stage of biological soil remediation. This material is able to retain seeds of oil-resistant herbs, which are usually washed out by the rain from the soil, by creating a plant layer that is mature in density and area, and also isolates plants from the negative effects of toxic salts formed as a result of pollution.

Keywords: floodplain ecosystems, oil pollution, readily soluble salts, technogenic halogenesis

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-074-079

Dynamics of intestinal helminth fauna Perca fluviatilis (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) in conditions of long-term ecosystem succession

M.V. Rubanova, O.V. Mukhortova

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

Modern methods of research on reservoir ecosystems are based on integrated data on the structure of communities and populations of hydrobionts. An effective way of studying changes in the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems is to analyze the collections of fish parasites. The work presents the results of studies of the dynamics of the fauna of intestinal helminths Perca fluviatilis and its relationships with some fodder objects (zooplankton, alien fish species) in the Saratov reservoir. The possibility of practical use of helminths of predatory fish occupying the upper level of trophic chains as “biological markers” is shown, which allow determining the degree of participation of invader species in trophic chains and successional changes in biocenosis. Based on a comprehensive analysis of parasitological and hydrobiological data, the trends and specifics of the 30-year period of succession of the Saratov reservoir ecosystem associated with the spread of alien species were determined. This process includes phased introduction, naturalization, an increase in the number of invader species, the activation of their participation in the trophic chains of hydrobionts, and a change in the ecology of fish and parasites. An increase in the number of individual alien species and related changes in the ecology of host species, structural and functional restructuring of populations and communities (fish, zooplankton, zoobenthos, parasites) are predicted.

Keywords: parasites on perch, crustacean, water ecosystem transformation, reservoir, biological markers, alien species

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-031-037

Seed productivity and features of biology of Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae) on the northern distribution border

I.A. Kirillova, D.V. Kirillov

Section: Population ecology

The article presents the results of studying some aspects of Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae) reproductive biology in the Komi Republic (northeast Russia), where the northern border of this species distribution area passes. The research was carried out in 2010–2019 in the Syktyvdinskiy and Ust’-Kulomskiy administrative districts of the Komi Republic. We have found that M. monophyllos usually occurs in wet forests and swamps, and sometimes occupied the disturbed habitats with low competition (old forest motorways). It usually forms small coenopopulations (up to 100 plants), with a high proportion of generative shoots. Within the coenopopulations, individual plants form small groups or grow as single plants. The efficiency of pollination (46%) in the study area corresponds to the average fruit set in the whole species distribution area. This parameter varies highly within one community, depending on the weather and climatic conditions in different years. We found statistically significant negative correlation between fruit setting and the number of seeds in fruit. So, the lower fruit set is compensated by numerous seeds in the fruit. Seed productivity is high. In the Komi Republic, one fruit of M. monophyllos contains an average of 3338±219 seeds, with more than 94% of seeds with embryo. The mean index of conditionally-real seed productivity (i. e. the mean number of seeds per a generative shoot) is 53000 psc. In the Komi Republic, the seed productivity of M. monophyllos was found to be higher than in the southern parts of its distribution area. It can be assumed that, in the northern part of M. monophyllos distribution area, the increased number of seeds in the fruit is one of additional mechanisms of the implementation of seed renewal, which is the main way of reproduction for this species. The seeds of M. monophyllos are very small – 0.33–0.09 mm, and contain 88.4% empty air space, which provides them with volatility and increases the chance to reach suitable places for germination.

Keywords: Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw., Orchidaceae, the Komi Republic, northern distribution border, fruit set, seed productivity

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-133-139

Influence of air pollution on the ecophysiological parameters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb.) in the urban ecosystems of Southern Siberia

N.V. Pakharkova, A.D. Shkaruba, G.A. Sorokina, N.A. Gaevskiy, Yu.S. Grigoriev, O.P. Kalyakina, A.A. Shubin, M.A. Polosukhina

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

This research aims towards a better understanding of the responses of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) to air pollution stress in urban and semi-urban conditions. One of the most reliable tests for the depth of winter dormancy is measuring the concentration of abscisic acid in needles. An alternative method for determining the depth of winter dormancy is based on the measurements of heat-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. Our research confirms that the depth of winter dormancy of P. sylvestris and P. obovata is highly sensitive to air pollution stress. In polluted environments, in late winter and early spring, the final release from dormancy is controlled only by low temperatures and it can be easily triggered by the first warm period or even a quick daytime thawing. Our data demonstrate that the trees growing in industrial areas are easier to release from dormancy and to be affected by late winter or spring frost. In urban environments, the risk of frost injuries is even higher due to early spring warm spells associated with the heat island effect. P. sylvestris is less susceptible to air pollution and temperature fluctuations than P. obovata, and therefore represents a better choice for urban forestry projects.

Keywords: air pollution, Pinus sylvestris, Picea obovata, chlorophyll fluorescence, abscisic acid

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-090-097

Effect of the cultivation medium composition on Dunaliella tertiolecta sensitivity to potassium dichromate

E.S. Stravinskene, Yu.S. Grigor’ev, T.L. Shashkova, M.A. Subbotin, M.A. Polosukhina

Section: Ecotoxicology

The effect of a model toxicant on the growth of the algae Dunaliella tertiolecta in Goldberg medium, prepared on the basis of solutions of various sea salt complexes, as well as NaCl alone solution, has been studied. The growth of algae in the controls was 10–15 times after 48 hours in all variants of media. Potassium dichromate at a concentration of 5 mg/L had little or no effect on the growth of the test culture in media prepared from the sea salt solutions. Simultaneously, the same concentration of potassium dichromate completely suppressed the algae growth in NaCl-media. The results of the chemical analysis of all the studied sea salt solutions showed a ratio of the main ions close to that of natural sea water. All studied samples of sea salt solutions contained 5 to 8% magnesium and calcium ions, which is a possible explanation for the lower sensitivity of Dunaliella tertiolecta to potassium dichromate in these media, since the hardness of the medium affects the bioavailability of toxicants for test organisms.

Keywords: Dunaliella tertiolecta, bioassay, potassium dichromate, cultivation medium, sea salts

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-186-192

Evaluation of anthropogenic load on water bodies within the city limits

T.V. Noskova, M.S. Panina, O.M. Labuzova, T.S. Papina, E.G. Ilina

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The fluorimetric analysis of the content of formaldehyde, volatile phenols and oil has been performed in the samples of atmospheric precipitation. Atmospheric precipitation (rain and snow) were collected in Barnaul from October 2013 until September 2018. The average concentration of oil in atmospheric precipitation was 0.07 ppm, volatile phenols – 0.006 ppm and formaldehyde – 0.1 ppm. A seasonal increase of the oil concentration was revealed in the cold period of the year. For formaldehyde a seasonal increase of the concentration has been revealed in the warm period of the year. Volatile phenols are characterized by a constant emission into the atmosphere of the Barnaul regardless of the time of year. The anthropogenic load of the formaldehyde, volatile phenols and oil on surface waters within the boundaries of the city of Barnaul was calculated taking into account average rivers’ discharge. Full-flowing the Ob River does not experience significant anthropogenic load within the boundaries of the city of Barnaul, as regards of the studied pollutants. Its waters are able to dilute the concentration of incoming studied organic pollutants from urban stormwater runoff to before MAC. For the Barnaulka River, the stormwater runoff within the boundaries of the city of Barnaul is a serious source of pollution with oil and volatile phenols. Phenolic compounds pose especially high risk of pollution of the Barnaulka River. Contamination of the Barnaulka River with formaldehyde is not observed. For the improvement current unfavorable environmental situation, it will be necessary to construct the urban treatment plants.

Keywords: atmospheric deposition, water body, anthropogenic load, formaldehyde, volatile phenols, oil

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-098-103

Infestation of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) with pathogenic microorganisms

T.P. Gradoboeva

Section: Agroecology

Injuriousness of seed infection is very high. So, the aim of our study was estimation of pathogenic microflora on peas seeds and screening of cultivars on seed defeat with most harmful pathogenes. As a result of perennial monitoring of contamination of peas seeds, it is revealed annual existing of fungi of genera Ascochyta, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, Cladosporiumas well as agents of bacteriosis Pseudomonas syringae var. pisi on their surface. Fungi of genus Ascochyta spp. were represented with two species: A. pisi, A. pinodes. Within fungi of genus Fusarium determined on peas seeds, F. oxysporum var. pisi, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum prevail. Fungi composition and defeat of cultivars with them varied in dependence of year conditions and cultivar. Significant part in complex of seed infection for all year of study belongs to fungi of genus Alternaria. They were met practically on seeds of all cultivars (96.5–100.0%), with except of cultivar L-1325 (Sweden). Most dangerous present agents of diseases often exist in mycobiota of seeds: ascochyta blight (17.4–93.5%), fusariosis (6.5–68.8%) and bacteriosis (39.1–80.0%). 237 cultivars and genotypes of peas of domestic and foreign breeding were studied. For study period (2014–2018) seeds were defeated in the highest degree with ascochyta blight. Hard and very hard degree of defeat of seed with this disease was noted in 27.1 and 19.8% of genotypes. For fusariosis defeat these parameters were 2.5 and 17.3%, for bacteriosis – 31.2 and 1.4%. Absence of ascochyta blight on seeds noted in 12.2%, fusariosis – in 31.2%, bacteriosis – 13.5% of studied cultivars. As a result of perennial evaluation perspective genotypes were selected (Tigra (Germany), Е-3907, Е-3335, Е-3767, Е-4030, Д-23417 (Russian Federation, Kemchug (Pamir)), which had defeat of seeds with ascochyta blight, fusariosis, and bacteriosis not higher than 4% for all years of study. This parameter has high importance in practical breeding.

Keywords: peas, seed contamination, resistance, ascochyta blight, fusariosis, bacteriosis

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-179-185

The influence of weather conditions and species characteristics on the passage of phenodates of clematis in the Bashkir Cis-Urals

L.M. Abramova, R.A. Bilalova, R.V. Vafin, Z.Kh. Shigapov

Section: Population ecology

Results of the phenological observations of 21 species of the Clematis L. genus relating to 4 sections and 7 subsections, which are carried out in the South-Ural botanical garden institute of UFRC RAS (Ufa) from 2007 to 2020 are presented in article. Was noted the timing of the onset of 9 phenophases: breaking of buds, beginning and end of growth of shoot, beginning, termination and duration of blossoming, maturing of fruits, termination and duration of vegetation. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between phenophases, the influence of species and annual meteorological features was estimated by two-factor dispersion analysis. It was revealed that the vegetation in clematis begins mainly in the III decade of April. The phases of the beginning and end of flowering are an individual feature for each species. Fruiting usually occurs 2-2,5 months after the beginning of flowering. Only 11 species out of 21 bear fruit, as the rest do not have time to form full-fledged seeds due to late flowering. Vegetation ends in late September-early October with the onset of the first frost. The onset of all phases, except for the duration of vegetation, is reliably influenced by species features. Phenodates of breaking of buds, growth beginning and end of shoot growth, the end of vegetation and the duration of vegetation is subject to fluctuations depending on the climatic conditions of a particular year.

Keywords: Clematis L., species, seasonal rhythm of development, phenodate

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Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-153-159

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