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Catalytic oxidative degradation of the azorubine dye in wastewater

T.V. Kon’kova, I.S. Belkina, A.D. Stoyanova, V.A. Kolesnikov

Section: Ecologization of industry

The production of high-quality phosphate fertilizers, in particular calcium acid phosphates, requires the use of ore rich in phosphates (above 28 wt.% P2O5 ) and containing a minimum amount of impurities, including harmful ones. The absence of such large natural deposits leads to the need to enrich the existing phosphate ore containing an average amount of phosphates (14–23% P2O5 ) and contaminated with various impurities. Enrichment of polymineral phosphate ores leads to the production of their concentrates and waste (sludge). Sludge is a mixture of clay impurities, iron compounds, phosphate substances contained in the original ore, as well as toxic surfactants used in its flotation enrichment. This prevents the use of sludge as a secondary source of raw materials in any industry and its return to waste deposits. The lack of methods for processing sludge leads to their accumulation and environmental pollution: the area of fertile land is shrinking, pollution of nearby natural water bodies increases. The proposed integrated physicochemical technology for processing phosphate ore dressing wastes using nitric acid is aimed at improving the environmental situation in the regions producing phosphate raw materials and obtaining a number of valuable products important for the national economy: glauconite sand, clay, hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate. The yield of sludge processing products was experimentally established, which amounted to: 68.6% glauconite, 6.91% clay, 12.9% technical calcium hydrogen phosphate, 18.2% technical calcium nitrate. Processing products – clay and glauconite sand are most widely used in the construction industry, in particular, in the production of bricks and concrete. Glauconite sand and clay are used in the production of sorbents, paints and primers. Hydrophosphate and calcium nitrate are used in agriculture as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, respectively.

Keywords: phosphatic ore, slimes, the nitric-acid method of processing of a waste, glauconitic sand, clay, hydrophosphate of lime, nitrocalcite

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-154-159

Methodology for determining regional thresholds for the calculation of standards for the permissible discharge of liquid industrial waste into surface waters

Yu.A. Tunakova, S.V. Novikova, E.V. Baibakova, V.S. Valiev

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

Water quality standards are a key tool for regulating anthropogenic pressure on water bodies. A scientificallybased approach to the development of regional water quality standards is the use of modern mathematical methods for the analysis of experimental data and information technologies. We have developed a methodology for determining regional threshold standards for permissible discharge of liquid industrial waste for selected types of surface waters. The presented methodology uses a symbiosis of cluster analysis and expert evaluation methods, which allows to increase the validity of the results obtained. The typification of surface waters was carried out for water bodies of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan on the basis of long-term systematic observations. Clustering was carried out according to the sets of all determined hydrochemical indicators using Kohonen neural self-organizing networks implemented in the author’s neural network filtering model. Experts in the relevant subject area acted as experts to assess the homogeneity of data groups in each of the selected clusters. Each heterogeneous group established by experts was divided into clusters using the Kohonen neural network until the required uniformity was achieved. Based on expert analysis, hydrochemical indicators, which had a uniform variability of values and did not allow water typing, were excluded from further evaluation. According to the values of other hydrochemical indicators, six types of waters are distinguished. Threshold values of hydrochemical indicators for clusters corresponding to the upper threshold of the variational series of values are determined. The obtained regional threshold concentrations for each type of water are proposed to be used to calculate the standards of permissible discharges during the disposal of liquid waste into water use facilities located in the Volga-Kama basin.

Keywords: liquid production waste, discharge, water bodies, neural network technologies, regional threshold concentrations, standards permissible discharges

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-028-033

Consequences of the impact of some industrial plants on the content of heavy metals in soils

A.R. Sukiasyan, S.Z. Kroyan, S.G. Skugoreva, A.A. Kirakosyan, H.Gh. Ghazaryan

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

Studies have been carried out to assess the degree of soil pollution in Armenia with heavy metals (HM) near existing (Kajaran Copper-Molybdenum Plant and Hrazdan Cement Plant) and currently not operating (Alaverdi Mining and Metallurgical Plant and Vanadzor Chemical Plant) industrial enterprises. The selection of soil samples was carried out from the plots at a distance of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 25 km from the source of pollution. Analysis of the results of chemical analysis of soils showed that at a distance of up to 5 km from technogenic sources, soils are heavily contaminated with compounds of copper, zinc and lead. As the distance from the pollution source increases to 25 km, a significant decrease in the concentrations of all HMs occurs, and the comparative series is represented by the following sequence: Zn > Cu > Pb > Co > Mo. At a distance of 25 km, a significant decrease in anthropogenic load on the soil is noted. The greatest 50 times decrease in the total HM content was found for soils near the Alaverdi Mining and Metallurgical Combine, and the smallest in the case of the Hrazdan Cement Plant. For the rest of the considered enterprises, the decrease in the value of the coefficient of total pollution was 25 times on the average. The information obtained can be used to take into account the migration and storage capacity of HMs in the soil when organizing environmental measures, depending on the remoteness of the main source of pollution.

Keywords: soil, heavy metals, anthropogenic pollution, remoteness from the source of pollution, the total coefficient of soil pollution

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-090-097

Active carbons as an important factor in the sustainable development of the economy and the quality of life of the population

V.M. Mukhin, N.V. Korolev

Section: Social ecology

The article indicates the severity of the environmental threats and pollution of the biosphere. The main route of protection of the biosphere with the use of active carbons (AU) is justified. A modern definition of activated carbon is given as a material with a developed porous structure, having high absorption characteristics for impurities found in the media to be cleaned (air, gases, water and other liquids). A new approach to the evaluation of the adsorption properties of AU, justified by Academician M.M. Dubinin through the adsorption activity per unit volume of AU (mg/cm3 ), is proposed. The possibility of effective use of activated carbon in environmental technologies for the protection of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and man himself as the main object of the biosphere is shown. Special emphasis is placed on the coverage of the most important areas of application of AU that ensure the environmental safety of the Russian Federation, namely, detoxification of soils from pesticide residues, purification of drinking water and wastewater, treatment of waste gases from incinerators. It is shown that the introduction of AU in doses of 100–200 kg/ha into herbicide-contaminated soil allows not only to increase crop yields by 20–80%, but also to obtain environmentally friendly crop products. It is proved that active carbons of the DAS brand based on anthracite with a high volume microporosity (0.17 cm3 /cm3 ) significantly increase the efficiency of drinking water and wastewater treatment. Thus, the sorption capacity of DAS for phenol, as the most common pollutant of natural and waste water, is 2.5–3.5 times higher than that of the industrial sorbent KAD-I based on coal semi-coke. A number of problems of protection of the atmosphere with the use of AU are highlighted. The important role in the use of AU for detoxification of the human body is emphasized. New promising technologies of AU production are described. The need for AU for the Russian Federation in the amount of at least 70,000 tons/year is justified, which allows for the sustainable development of the economy and improving the quality of life of the population.

Keywords: environmental pollution, active carbons, sorbent, biosphere protection technologies, lithosphere, soil detoxification, hydrosphere, water treatment, atmosphere, incineration plants

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-210-217

Bioindication of oil-contaminated soils using invertebrates

E.N. Melekhina, A.A. Taskaeva

Section: Population ecology

The article discusses the possibility of using springtails (Collembola) as an indicator group of soil invertebrates in the case of oil pollution, as well as the rate of their recovery in soils reclaimed by different methods. Eight experimental sites were examined with the use of various biological preparations, agrochemical soil treatment and the background community in the Usinsk region of the Komi Republic. A decrease in the diversity and abundance of springtails, a depletion of the spectrum of their life forms, and a restructuring of the dominance structure on the experimental sites 12 years after reclamation are shown. The euedaphic and hemiedaphic species were found to be sensitive to oil pollution. Species characteristic of the initial stages of restoration of soil communities after oil pollution (Ceratophysella succinea, Proisotoma minima, Desoria hiemalis), as well as a species that may be sensitive to oil pollution (Protaphorura jacutica), have been identified. Analysis of the diversity of springtails can serve as an alternative to ecotoxicological tests in assessing the effectiveness of reclamation methods and the rate of restoration of disturbed soils.

Keywords: springtails, pollution of terrestrial ecosystems, bioremediation, European part of Russia

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-181-186

Microbiological monitoring of technogenically polluted reservoirs of the Absheron industrial region

А.S. Gasimova, N.M. Ismailov, А.G. Talibly

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The presence of water bodies of anthropogenic origin on the territory of the Absheron industrial region is one of the acute problems. Many lakes have become receivers of wastewater and polluted water, they have a negative impact on adjacent environments – soil cover, groundwater and the atmosphere of the entire Absheron Peninsula, including the capital of the country, Baku, with its three million population. The object of research in 2016–2017 was the largest and most polluted lakes of the Absheron Peninsula – Boyuk-Shor (the surface of this reservoir is 1300 hectares) and Zykh (20 hectares). The research is devoted to the study of the structure of the microbiocenosis of reservoirs contaminated with oil and oil products, biogenicity and their self-cleaning ability. In the self-purification of these reservoirs, oil-oxidizing microorganisms play an important role, the abundance of which in the water of reservoirs ranges from 103 to 105 cells/dm3 . The most active decomposition of organic substances in water occurs in the summer and autumn. This is favored, first, by the temperature factor. The difference in the degree of biogenicity in different zones of water bodies is associated with high levels of hydrocarbon pollutants, namely: in the areas of pollutant intake, self-cleaning ability does not compensate for the rate of their destruction.

Keywords: Absheron Peninsula, water bodies, pollution, self-purification, microorganisms, microbiocenosis structure

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-083-089

Scientific and methodological aspects of the organization of environmental monitoring of near-aerodrome territories

Zh.Yu. Kochetova, O.V. Bazarsky, N.V. Maslova, I.S Lazarev

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

A new approach to environmental monitoring of depositing media of near-aerodrome territories is proposed, aimed at increasing its accuracy and information content while reducing the cost. For this purpose, on the basis of correlation analysis of the results of eleven-year monitoring of the adjacent territory to the airfield of state aviation, the choice of analyte-marker of soil pollution by major pollutants is justified; developed a predictive model of soil pollution specific pollutant (aviation fuel) as a result of his kapleobrazovanie and scattering when the aircraft engines in afterburner at takeoff-landing; the developed method piezosensors rapid determination of analyte-marker in the field; the necessity of accurate calculation of the total score and presented to the ranking scale of total pollution of soils paartronic territories the main pollutants to describe the environmental situation. The proposed scheme of geoecological monitoring includes: prediction of soil pollution with an analyte-marker (kerosene) at different distances from the runway; construction of pixel maps of soil pollution with an analyte-marker based on the results of measurements in the field using a mobile and economical piezosensor measuring device; allocation of related areas with high content of analyte-marker on pixel maps; sampling of soils in the selected associated areas and determination of the content of priority pollutants (kerosene, formaldehyde, nitrates, heavy metals) by standard laboratory methods; calculation of the specified total indicator of soil pollution and construction of analog maps with subsequent decision-making on the rehabilitation of environmentally unfavorable areas. The proposed scheme of geoecological monitoring was tested in the adjacent territories to the airfields «Baltimore» and «Engels-2».

Keywords: environmental monitoring, soil pollution, kerosene, formaldehyde, heavy metals, nitrates, state aviation airfield

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-071-075

Primary comparative assessment of the environmental safety of alternative options for the location of a hazardous industrial facility

V.A. Zhigulsky, D.V. Zhigulskaya, V.F. Shuisky, E.Yu. Chebykina

Section: Problems of environmental protection

A technology of pre-design comparative assessment of hazardous industrial facilities alternative location options is described in this paper. The technology was designed by the St. Petersburg ecologic and design company Eco-ExpressService LLC. Options’ comparison is carried out in two stages using a score/ranking multi-criteria assessment: at first, the determination and comparison of environmental safety criteria, and then – a summary assessment of all set of criteria. 4 competitive methods are used for consolidation of obtained results into general comparative scoring. These methods differ in specification degree of the criteria indicator significance and interrelation of different types of object. Stages of technology application are illustrated with concrete examples. The pre-design comparative assessment technology was tested for alternative options of the Russian section of the Nord Stream 2 offshore gas pipeline and the Complex for processing ethane-containing gas on the territory of the Kingisepp municipal district of the Leningrad region. Main positive effects and advantages of its use are determined by the increase of construction environmental safety and essential economy of the federal, regional and local budgets and investors by eliminating unfavourable object location options at early stages of development.

Keywords: environmental safety, production facility, technology of assessment, criteria, anthropogenic impact

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-112-118

Environmental monitoring of atmospheric air in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP (People’s Republic of Bangladesh)

D.N. Kurbakov, R.A. Mikailova, A.V. Panov

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The paper presents environmental monitoring system for surface atmospheric air in the vicinity of the Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh. A monitoring programme was developed. There were selected 3 observation points. Monitoring objects (atmospheric air and precipitation), a list of observed parameters, observation regulations, as well as investigation methods, were identified. The controlled indicators included the radionuclide composition of surface air and precipitations, involving natural (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) and artificial radionuclides (54Mn, 60Co 90Sr, 137Cs), the content of heavy metals (HM) (Сd, Ni, Pd, As, Hg, Co, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe), the gas composition of the air and the level of dust. The investigations were carried out in 2014–2017 before and at the construction stage of NPP considering the climatic characteristics of the region during different seasons. The results of monitoring studies showed the influence of the NPP construction on changes in the content of HM and dust in the surface air and the absence of an increase in the content of radionuclides. The concentration of Pb and Cd after the start of the NPP construction began to exceed current standards by 1.6–2.3 times, due to the operation of the equipment and dust formation. The specific activity of radionuclides in the air was very low. The influence of climate on the dust content in the air during the year was also noted. The values varied from the minimum in the monsoon period (June-September) to the maximum in the dry period (December). Analysis of the gas composition of the air revealed the presence of H2 S (average content 0.12 mg/m3 ), as well as CO (0.57 mg/m3 ) and NO2 (0.39 mg/m3 ). The detected concentrations excepting single measurements of hydrogen sulfide are quite low and do not pose a risk to human health.

Keywords: nuclear power plant, environmental monitoring, atmospheric air, radionuclides, heavy metals, chemical pollution

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-076-082

The use of the normalized relative algoindex for the assessment of algae blooms in the reservoirs of the Vyatka-Kama cis-Urals

Т.I. Kutyavina, V.V. Rutman, Т.Ya. Аshikhmina

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The article presents the results of monitoring of two plain reservoirs located in the Vyatka-Kama Pre-Urals, according to remote sensing data and field observations. The reservoirs are located in the Kirov region, have similar morphological parameters, the same origin, but differ in the level of anthropogenic load. According to the satellite images taken from the Sentinel-2 satellite (A, B) in the period from May to September 2015–2020, the normalized relative algoindex (NDAI) was calculated. This index allows you to detect accumulations of phytoplankton in reservoirs. The NDAI values do not depend on atmospheric interference and the influence of the reflection spectrum of the water itself. The index images are built in the QGIS software product, version 3.20. The results obtained are compared with the data of field observations on reservoirs. The NDAI values in the water area of the Omutninsky reservoir during the observation period varied from 0.36 to 0.80, in the water area of the Chernokholunitsky reservoir from 0.32 to 0.84. Intensive algae bloom in the studied reservoirs was observed in August 2016 and July 2020. In the areas of water areas where intense algae blooming was noted, the following species prevailed in the phytoplankton samples: Anabaena lemmermannii P.G. Richter, A. spiroides Klebahn, A. planctonica Brunnthaler, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault. The optical density of water in this case was from 0.150 and higher (the length of the optical path of the cuvette is 10 mm, λ = 615 nm), and the NDAI values were more than 0.55.

Keywords: reservoir, eutrophication, phytoplankton, remote sensing of the Earth, spectral indices, monitoring

Article published in number 3 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-3-060-065

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