ISSN 1995-4301(Print)
ISSN 2618-8406
(Online)
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Select viewing optionsSpread of landfill leachate into groundwater |
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| A. Longobardi, A.N. Elizaryev, E.S. Nasyrova, E.N. Elizaryeva, L.U. Kiyashko | ||||
| Section: Research methods. Models and projects |
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| Many landfills were built a few decades ago and do not meet modern requirements. In this regard, leaks in landfills occur, that have a negative impact on the environment and especially on water objects. The aim of the work is to determine the infiltration rate of landfill filtrate taking into account the natural and climatic conditions on the example of the landfill "Novye Cherkassy" (Ufa, Russia). The HELP program is used to simulate the leachate infiltration through landfill existing layers. To simulate the movement of a toxic liquid seeping through the waste layer into the soil profile, the HYDRUS program is used. Results of 10 years hydrologic evaluation by HELP program showed that the filtrate is formed 341 m3/day. Comparison of the obtained result with the other authors works showed that the increased filtrate value is due to the landfill age (old landfill - 56 years) and the lack of protective measures for prevention filtrate infiltration into the soil. The seasonality in the leachate formation at the landfill is revealed. There was no leachate in the winter (negative temperature) and volley receipt in the spring, caused by snowmelt (positive temperature). In the summer months, evapotranspiration was about 77% of the total precipitation, while infiltration did not exceed 7%. In the autumn months evapotranspiration was only 30-40 %, while infiltration increased to 16%. The calculations showed that during landfill operation toxic mass has spread over 7 km. To prevent further environmental impact, is to close the landfill or remediate it. | ||||
| Keywords: landfill, solid municipal waste, leachate, pollution, groundwater, HELP, HYDRUS |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-036-043 |
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Determination of the trophic status of the water reservoir and spatial distribution of aquatic vegetation by integral indicators |
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| Kutyavina T. I., Rutman V. V., Ashikhmina T. Y. | ||||
| Section: Research methods. Models and projects |
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| Determination of the trophic status of a reservoir is necessary for making decisions on the use of a water body for industrial production and domestic purposes. The calculation of the trophic state index (ITS) of a reservoir based on measuring the value of the hydrogen index and the content of dissolved oxygen in water allows us to evaluate the trophic state of a water body, regardless of its type and region of study. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis of water for 2011–2019, the dependence of pH on the degree of oxygen saturation of water was established for one of the largest reservoirs in the Kirov region (Omutninsky reservoir) which is subjected to eutrophication. Based on the dependence found, the ITS index of the reservoir was calculated. Over 9 years of observations, ITS increased from 7.8 to 8.1 units, which indicates the transition of the Omutninsk reservoir from the mesotrophic to the eutrophic type. Using the Earth remote sensing methods for the reservoir, areas of mass development of phytoplankton and higher aquatic plants have been identified. Field observations in these areas revealed thickets of Equisetum fluviatile L., Scirpus lacustris L., Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray, Rotamogeton lucens L. The data obtained by calculating the turbidity index and the concentration index of chlorophyll a in water are consistent with field data observations and can be further used in environmental monitoring of the Omutninsk reservoir and other reservoirs in the region. | ||||
| Keywords: eutrophication, algae “bloom”, dissolved oxygen, index of trophical state, Earth remote sensing, Sentinel-2, turbidity index, chlorophyll а concentration index |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-042-046 |
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Accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in Cladonia rangiferina in the European north of Russia |
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| V.V. Elsakov, I.G. Zakhozhiy, A.S. Shuyskiy | ||||
| Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects |
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| Lichens can accumulate different pollutants and serve as a source of that element’s migration in trophic chains. The content of heavy metals (HM) (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Hg) and As was estimated in samples of Cladonia rangiferina L. taken in the European North of Russia. Sampling areas included the territory of the western part of the Kola Peninsula, Kanin Peninsula, Timan, Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya and Yamal Peninsula tundras and the taiga zone of the Komi Republic. The content of HM and As in lichens thalli for native territories and diapasons of their variability in the zone of influence of industrial impacts facilities are established. The average content of main toxic elements in the lichen from the intact territories of the European North-East was in the range of 0.5–1.8 mg/kg for Pb; 1.0–2.7 mg/kg for Ni; 0.1–0.7 mg/kg for Co; 0.1–0.5 mg/kg for As and about 0.1 mg/kg for Cd. The content of Hg in lichen samples in the study area varied from 9.0 to 51.0 μg/kg. The distance from industrial pollutant emission sources (mainly ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy) and proximity to technological sites and mineral dumping of engineering infrastructure were the most significant factors determining the level of TM accumulation. The average content of HM and As in the thalli from the impact zones of the copper-nickel processing plant (Kola Peninsula) was: Ni – 65.2 mg/kg; Cu – 44.4 mg/kg; Co – 2.3 mg/kg; As – 0.7 mg/kg. This is 1.4 – 22 times higher than the sanitary standards level given in the regulatory documents for grass feed of farm animals. Local areas with an increased concentration of several HMs were identified in the communities of the tundra and forest zones of the European Northeast. Significant deviations of the HM content in thalli were related with dust mineral particles deposits (on the surface and the intercellular space of thalli) of coming from emissions of industrial facilities and transport infrastructure. Elemental analysis of dust particles showed that Fe, Al, and Si compounds predominate in their composition. Some mineral particles are characterized by a relatively high content of Ca, Ti, and Ni. | ||||
| Keywords: lichens, Cladonia rangiferina, European north of Russia, heavy metals |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-097-103 |
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Electrochemical utilization of disperse copper-iron waste |
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| Yu.P. Khranilov, A.V. Zakharov, V.L. Kovalenko, V.A. Kotok | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| The possibility of processing contaminated copper powder with an iron content of 1.6-12.2% by the electrochemical refining method has been studied. This powder is formed during the processing of copper-containing salt waste of galvanic production by exchange reaction and does not find the application. It is shown that during electro-refining of the contaminated copper powder in the sulfate electrolyte, high-purity cathode copper corresponding to the M0k grade can be obtained. Technological recommendations for the implementation of the process are proposed, in particular, a method of depassivating a titanium current lead to a copper powder. It was found that along with the anodic dissolution of copper and iron from the powder, the iron component is chemically dissolved due to the copper exchange reaction. In experiments with model solutions, the effect of Fe (III) ions in the electrolyte on the rate of chemical and electrochemical reactions was studied. It was found that the negative effect of Fe (III) ions on the cathode deposition of copper can be reduced with an additive NaF into the electrolyte and increasing the cathode current density. | ||||
| Keywords: Electrochemical copper refining of, processing of copper powder waste |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-136-143 |
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Geomorphological aspects of protection of coast settlements in high latitudes |
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| V.V. Afanasiev, E.I. Ignatov | ||||
| Section: Social ecology |
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| The problems related to the protection of settlements located on the coast, mainly on Holocene sand – pebble accumulative formations (barrier islands and spits) of the Okhotsk, Chukchi and Bering seas are considered. Approaches to solving the problem on the shores of Alaska, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Western Priokhotye and Sakhalin are compared. The evolution of coastal protection solutions on the Arctic and subarctic coasts is shown. It is concluded that the justification of the design solutions does not always correspond to the level of modern knowledge about the dynamics of the shores. At the same time, the basis for determining long-term trends of erosion of problem areas of the coast is the interpolation of the long-term average data obtained at the analysis of remote sensing materials. With reference to the problem of protecting the coast, the main trends of erosion of coastal plains and dynamics of Holocene accumulative forms are considered. Specific features of geomorphological processes on the Arctic and subarctic coasts were noted. During the period of intensive industrial development of the coast of Chuckchi, Bering and Okhotsk seas the settlements, that are the most suffering from the erosion of the shores Shishmaref, Kivalina, Unalakleet, have been created. These settlements are located directly at the distal ends of the grids of the system of the lagoon strait. Accordingly, coastal protection solutions should be based on the analysis of migration of the strait, the possibility of changes in the direction of growth, form and morphometric parameters of the distal ends of the grids, modification of the tidal prism. It should be noted that these areas of the coast have enough sediment for any engineering solutions in this direction. It is also necessary to pay attention to considerable deterioration of wave-damping properties of beach deposits at their freezing. | ||||
| Keywords: coastal erosion, freezing beach, Arctic coast, Subarctic sea, Shishmaref, Kivalina. |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-167-172 |
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Sorption of heavy metals by melanin pigments of wood-destroying fungi |
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| N.V. Sushinskaya, V.P. Kurchenko | ||||
| Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects |
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| The object of the study was the melanin pigments obtained from various types of wood-destroying fungi. Using the potentiometric titration lead acetate it was found that binding efficiency of Pb2+ decreases in the series of melanins from the Phellinus robustus (P. Karst.) Bourdotet Galzin; Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quel.; Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst.; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx; Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) - chaga and varies from 0.170 to 0.103 mg Pb2+ / 1 mg melanin. The interaction of the studied melanins with Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ ions in the equivalence point leads to aggregation of the complexes and their deposition in the sediment. Aggregated chelate complexes of Cu2+ ions; Pb2+; Cd2+; Zn2+ with chaga melanin dissolves in the presence the chelating agent EDTA. Moreover, EDTA concentration necessary for dissolving the above complexes decreases from 4,5 • 10-4 to 1,8 • 10-4 mol / L. According to thermogravimetry the activation energy of the Pb2+ melanin complex was 357 kJ/mol. Their mechanical mixture had the activation energy of 80–82 kJ/mol, which indicates stabilization of this chelate complex. It was shown that molecule of melanin from chaga contains 25 binding sites of various metals. The results of EPR spectroscopy of chelate complexes of melanins with Pb2+ led to an increase in the number of paramagnetic centers [PMC] from 1017 spin/g to 6.5 • 1018 spin/g, which indicates the participation of free radical monomers of the phenoxyl and benzosemiquinone nature of melanins in the interaction. In the process of intragastric administration to mice of copper chloride at a dose of 200 mg/kg (LD50) and melanin from chaga at a dose of 360 mg/kg of weight, animal survival increased by 100%, and with the introduction of cadmium chloride at a dose of 94 mg / kg (LD50) and melanin (1000 mg/kg) survival rate reached by 80%. The results of sorption of heavy metals create the prerequisites for practical use of melanins from wood-destroying fungi as enterosorbents. | ||||
| Keywords: wood-destroying fungi, melanin, heavy metals, complexation, toxicity |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-083-087 |
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Signal regulation of activity of protective proteins in potato plants in vitro with the defeat potato late blight |
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| L.G. Yarullina, A.V. Sorokan, G.F. Burkhanova, V.O. Tsvetkov | ||||
| Section: Agroecology |
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| A comparative assessment of the influence of various signal molecules – salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids, chitooligosaccharides (COS), metabolites of Bacillus subtilis bacteria (MB) on the degree of infestation of the leaves and the activity of protective proteins in the plants of Solanum tuberosum L. infected with oomycete Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary is carried out. Studies were carried out on test-tube plants of potato of susceptible variety Early rose. It is revealed that processing plants SA, JA, COS and MB reduces the degree of infestation of potato leaves by P. infestans, but at varying degrees. The best protective effect provided the JA and the B. subtilis 26D bacterial strain. Treatment with SA, JA, COS and B. subtilis increased the level of H2O2 in potato plants. COS and B. subtilis 11VD had earlier stimulating effect on the production of hydrogen peroxide (24 h after infection). The maximum stimulating effect on the production of H2O2 in the case with treatment with SA and B. subtilis 26D at 48 hours after inoculation was revealed. SA and JA had a stimulating effect on the transcriptional activity of amylase inhibitor and proteinase inhibitor genes in uninfected potato plants and especially in infected ones. The possible mechanisms of increasing the resistance of potatoes to the pathogen of late blight by environmentally safe compounds are discussed. Very promising for potato plants is the creation and use of environmentally friendly drugs, the protective effect of which against P. infestans is based on the stimulation of H2O2 production and activation of hydrolase inhibitor gene expression in infected tissues. | ||||
| Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Phytophthora infestans, signal molecules, PR-proteins, ecologically safe crop production |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-136-141 |
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Projection of carbon sequestration in riparian reforestation |
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| D.G. Zamolodchikov, V.V. Kaganov, O.N. Lipka | ||||
| Section: Population ecology |
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| The projection of carbon effects from partial reforestation of delta of river Ili (Kazakhstan) in frame of project on restoration of riparian forests and reintroduction of Caspian tiger is developed. Typical values of carbon sequestration by biomass of stands are calculated for tree species, native at studied area (Populus diversifolia Schrenk, Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl., Salix songarica Andersson, S. wilhelmsiana M. Bieb.). The P. diversivolia stands are subdivided to good and normal conditions, S. songarica and S. wilhelmsiana are combined to Salix. sp. group. The peculiarities of growth of carbon in biomass differ in high extent between different tree species. The rate of carbon accumulation during starting 5 years after planting is close for P. diversifolia at good conditions (0.71 tC/ (ha • year)) and E. oxycarpa (0.69 tC/ (ha • year)). The same values are lower for P. diversifolia at normal conditions (0.32 tC/ (ha • year)) and Salix sp. (0.06 tC/ (ha • year)). P. diversifolia at good conditions after 30 years has 54.05 t C/ha in biomass, at normal conditions – 43.71 тС/ha, then Salix sp. (31.10 t C/ha) and E. oxycarpa (12.44 t C/ha) follow. The carbon sequestration is projected for 30 years with reforestation, performed at area 200 thous. of ha. This area is subdivided by tree species as follow: P. diversifolia at good conditions – 15%; P. diversifolia at normal conditions – 15%; E. oxycarpa – 60%; Salix sp. – 10%. The total area will be completely planted during 12 years with equal annual rates 8.3%, correspondent to 16677 ha per years. The annual sequestration is increased from 2 thous. t C/year at first year of project to maximal 264 thous. t C/year at 16th year of project rolling, then is decreased to 101 thous. tC/year at 30th year. Total accumulation of carbon by stand biomass during 30 years is 4.63 mln. tC (16.98 mln. t CO2). The carbon accumulation is important component of ecosystem services, which can be restored due to the project implementation. | ||||
| Keywords: reforestation, riparian forests, phytomass, carbon sequestration, projection. |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-095-101 |
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In vitro adaptive responses of Fragaria ananassa Duch. plantlets induced by the mechanocomposite based on amorphous silica and flavonoids of green tea |
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| E.V. Ambros, O.V. Kotsupy, E.A. Karpova, E.G. Trofimova, Y.G. Zaytseva, T.I. Novikova | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| For the first time, morphological and physiological characteristics of Fragaria × ananassa microclones of two cultivars (Alpha and Solnechnaya polyanka) under the influence of rice husks-amorphous silica- and green-tea-flavonoid-based mechanocomposite (2.5; 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the medium) during the rooting stage in in vitro conditions were studied. The advantage of mechanochemical technology of raw materials is the obtaining of biologically active compounds without using any chemical solvents with the least impact on the environment. The growth-stimulating effect of all tested mechanocomposite concentrations on the development of the plantlets root system was revealed. Root length, root number per microshoot, and the wet and dry weight of the roots were significantly increased by 1.5, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.5 times, respectively. Moreover, the treatment resulted in increase of leaf number per microshoot, leaf area, and wet and dry weight of aerial parts appropriately by 1.3, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.9 times. Concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids), and their ratios (chlorophyll a/b, chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids) indicated a high physiological state of the plantlets at mechanocomposite concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/L. At a concentration of 10 mg/l, chlorophylls a and b in the leaves of the plantlets of both cultivars and the ratio chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids in the leaves of the plantlets of cultivar Alpha decreased to the control level and below, which indicated stress level of this mechanocomposite concentration. The concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/L are optimal for adaptation of plantlets with high physiological state to ex vitro environment. In the composition of phenolic compounds, ellagic, gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and cinnamic acids, and their derivatives, were found. The mechanocomposite contributed to an increase in the content of most phenolic compounds in both cultivars. The contents of some constituents had not significantly changed or decreased (including ellagic acid in both cultivars). The results may be used for the development of production systems for a healthy planting material using biotechnological approaches and recommended for commercial strawberry micropropagation. | ||||
| Keywords: mechanocomposite, silica, micropropagation, adaptation, cultivated strawberry, phenolic compounds, ellagic acid |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-116-122 |
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Degradative activity of fungi towards oil hydrocarbons under high temperature |
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| N.N. Pozdnyakova, S.А. Balandina, О.V. Turkovskaya | ||||
| Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas |
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| The pollution of the environment with oil and oil products is one from the serious problems of the present time. The degradative activity of fungi contributes an important part in the self-cleaning of the natural ecosystems and is the basis of the development of environmental biotechnologies (mycoremediation). The selection of the fungi that can utilize pollutants and survive in adverse environmental conditions is the most important stage of the development of such technologies. We showed the ability to degrade of the oil hydrocarbons by 10 strains of basidiomycetes (genera Agaricus, Bjerkandera, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Stropharia, Trametes), and 4 strains of ascomycetes (genera Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Lecanicillium) at high temperature. The all studied fungi metabolized oil both in the rich medium and as the sole carbon source. The most active degraders were the basidiomycetes P. ostreatus, S. commune, and T. versicolor. Ascomycetes, with the exception of G. candidum, utilized oil by more than 80%. All oil fractions, including hard PAHs and resins, are available in the rich medium. Their decrease reached 82-97% by P. ostreatus Florida, S. commune, and T. versicolor DSM, and was 60-88% by ascomycetes L. aphanocladii and F. oxysporum. All the studied fungi, with the exception of P. ostreatus and F. oxysporum, used mainly alkane-naphthene fractions and the low molecular weight aromatic compounds during the utilization of oil as the sole carbon source. We found the production of ligninolytic enzymes (which catalyze the key stapes of the degradation of aromatic compounds) and the emulsifying compounds (which increase the bioavailability of oil). It can be considered as adaptation of the fungi to the oil pollution. The highest activities of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and Mn-peroxidase) were detected in P. ostreatus Florida which is the most active degrader of the aromatic compounds. Ascomycetes, with the exception of G. candidum, produced only Mn-peroxidase. Basidiomycetes P. ostreatus Florida, S. commune, T. versicolor DSM11269 and ascomycetes F. oxysporum and L. aphanocladii were selected for the further studies and the development of the mycoremediation technologies. | ||||
| Keywords: fungi, oil, degradation, ligninolytic enzymes, emulsifying activity, mycoremediation |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-069-075 |
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36, Moskovskya street, Kirov, 610000, Editorial Board "Theoretical and Applied Ecology." Phone/fax: (8332) 37-02-77 e-mail: envjournal@vyatsu.ru The journal was founded in 2007 |
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