Agricultural ecology offers new methods and approaches to the implementation of production processes that will reduce the harmful effects on the environment. The article describes approaches to the formation of a combined calculation scheme of the process of grain materials fractionation by air flow in a horizontal channel. The main idea of the method is a consistent clarification of the mutual influence of grain and air flows in the calculation of the field of air velocities and trajectories of dispersed particles. The mathematical model of air flow motion is based on the finite element solution of the Laplace equations for a plane potential flow with variable porosity. Differential equations of motion of dispersed particles were solved numerically, using the method of average acceleration, with iterations at each step and taking into account the distribution of the air velocity field in the channel.The combined calculation scheme is constructed from several iterations with a step-by-step approach to the simulated process of pneumoseparation. At the first stage, the finite element model of the air flow is constructed without taking into account the influence of the flow of grain material. In the second stage the differential equation of grain material particles motion are solved. According to the solutions of these equations, the zone of greater or lesser porosity is determined. The next step is to recalculate the air flow rates in the channel taking into account the porosity of the various finite elements. The result of solving the differential equations of motion of dispersed particles varies depending on the air flow velocities. Thus there is a consistent approach to the description of the process of interaction of grain and air flow.According to the proposed algorithm the computer program in C# language has been developed. It provides the ability to graphically and numerically control the results of the calculation. The program interface contains three screens with tabular data and layout of finite elements, which, after calculations, is applied to the vector of air flow velocity and trajectories of particles with desired aerodynamic properties. Examples of calculation are presented. According to their results, a change in the value and distribution of air flow velocities at the inlet to the channel is proposed, the positions of the fraction receivers in the lower part of the horizontal pneumatic separation channel are determined.
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-024-030
Views: 9
Prokaryotic test models for environmental ecotoxicological research: prospects and classification
N.V. Dudchik, S. I. Sychik, V. V. Shevlyakov
Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
Biological modeling in system ecology is an effective technology for assessing the biological effects of environmental
factors. We provided the conceptual justification for the development of prokaryotic laboratory-analytical models, assessed
the advantages and limitations of their experimental use. The classification of prokaryotic test models according
to the level of the structural and ecological organization, the properties of the test object (cells, communities, populations,
microbiocenosis) and a set of test reactions (bioindicators and biomarkers) is proposed. The definitions of the test
model as a unified system including a test organism, a biomarker / bioindicator system, a test procedure in accordance
with guidelines of good laboratory practice (GLP), a criteria apparatus for qualitative / quantitative assessment of environmental
factors are given. The concepts of subpopulation and suprapopulation test models based on the properties of
microbial communities as integral biological units regulating vital activity parameters depending on external factors are
substantiated. Have been shown that microorganisms are relevant test objects for the development of innovative methods
for assessing the impact of the physical, chemical and biological environmental factors on organism, which is based on the structural and ecological organization and the variety of metabolic, dynamic, morphological, molecular-genetic
and other properties of microorganisms, integrity microbial culture as a system, cyclical development of populations of
microorganisms in environment as well as their complex interaction with environmental factors.
Keywords: microbiotests, prokaryotic test-models, classification, biomarkers, bioindicators, associations of microorganisms
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-005-012
Views: 76
Impact of forest fire on soil properties (review)
A. A. Dymov, E. V. Abakumov, I. N. Bezkorovaynaya, A. S. Prokushkin, Ya. V. Kuzyakov, E. Yu. Milanovsky
Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
We examined changes in the morphological, physicochemical properties and features of the organic matter of forest
soils impacted by wildfires on the territory of Russia. Morphological signs of pyrogenesis (pyrogenic horizon formation,
partial charring of litter and illuviation of organic compounds) are most evident detected in the first decade after a fire.
Ground fires in lichen pine forests, formed on Albic Podzols lead to complete burning of litter. Low intensity ground fires
in sphagnum pine forests, developing on Histic Podzols, contribute to partial burning of litter (charring). Fires change
the hydrothermal regime of soils, which is most clearly demonstrated for soils formed on permafrost soils / cryosols. Fires
lead to hydrophobization of the upper mineral horizons, estimated from the contact angle of wetting. Resistant products
of pyrogenesis (charcoals, soot) are retained in soils for several centuries. The most common changes in the physical
and chemical properties of soils after fires are a decrease in acidity by 1–2 units of pH, an increase of saturation with
base saturation. Fires increase aromaticity of soil organic matter. After fires, the content of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
in soils increases, and the concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds decrease. Restoration of soil properties to
the prefire state takes a decade to several centuries. The introduction of a universal subtype “pyrogenic” is proposed in
describing the morphological characteristics of forest soils.
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-013-023
Views: 95
Soil formation on technogenic lake sediments
E. V. Dabakh
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
The article is devoted to soils of the technogenic landscape (Technosols according to WRB) formed on contaminated
man-caused lake sediments that have come on the daylight area after a change in the hydrological regime and the
stopping of contaminated sewage into the lake. The investigated territory is located in the Vyatka Valley in the tailing
pits of chemical enterprises in Kirovo-Chepetsk (Kirov Region, Russia). The thickness of the soil profile is limited by a
dense gypsum crust lying at a depth of 30 cm and contributing to waterlogging of soils. Unlike the surrounding acidic
alluvial soils, they are characterized by an alkaline reaction, contrast of the upper and lower parts of the young soil. The
participation of the alluvial process and moisture-loving vegetation in the formation of the profile leads to a change
in the composition and properties of the soil, especially the upper horizons. In comparison with the bottom sediments
and the lower layers of soils in the upper horizons, the share of the aluminosilicate component in the mineralogical and
chemical compositions is higher, the alkalinity is lower, and the pollution level sharply decreases. According to biological
indices, the decayed litter and humus horizon are close to the humus horizons of surrounding alluvial soils. The soil
and vegetation cover formed on technogenic lake sediments in the floodplain prevents active erosion of the underlying
undeveloped contaminated sediments during the flood time and the dissolution of gypsum crusts, which inhibit the
mobility of contaminated technogenic deposits.
Keywords: soil formation, technogenic sediments, gypsum crust, chemical soil contamination
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-024-033
Views: 58
Influence of heavy metals content in water of small rivers used for irrigation of maize of Armenian population
А. R. Sukiasyan
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
Ecological safety of small rivers for the population of the region, their role in the formation of biota is largely determined
by the chemical composition of water. The intensity of climatic and anthropogenic factors changes, the chemical
composition and, as a consequence, the quality of water can be vary significantly. In this regard, the conduct of monitoring
studies of the water composition of these sources is very relevant. The features of migration of a number of heavy metals
(HM) in the water-soil-plant triad were studied using the example of an annual herbaceous cultural plant – sugar corn
(Zea mays L.) growing on the coastal areas of the Shnogh River. As a control plant corn inbred line B73 was used. With
a specially equipped air-conditioning system the drought was modeled in climatic room by changing the optimum soil
water content in the experimental vases. In the control vases, the optimum soil water content was 54%, in the case of a
mild drought – 43%, wherein the wilting of leaves of the plant was not visually observed. During the modeling of severe
drought, the optimum soil water content was 34%, and leaf wilting was observed during the day. The content of HM in
samples of river water, coastal soil and plant grains were carried out using a portable analyzer “Thermo Scientific™
Niton™ XRF Portable Analyzerˮ. An analysis of the kinetic data of plant growth under simulated drought conditions was
carried out. Kinetic parameters of plant growth in three conditions of simulated drought were determined. A correlation
was established between the growth rate of biological samples and the drought. The kinetic parameters of plant growth
under simulated drought conditions were established. A correlation was found between the water potential and osmotic pressure in the three-day shoots of the fifth maize sheet under conditions of drought. The physiological response of plant
growth according to the degree of drought and indicators of water potential and osmotic pressure were considered. A
certain spatial dynamics of distribution of some HM in the water-soil-plant triad is revealed. The obtained experimental
material will makes it possible to carry out a complex of measures to monitor the degree of contamination of river water
which used for irrigation purposes taking into account soil and climatic conditions of growth.
Keywords: plant, drought, growth kinetics, water potential, osmotic pressure, heavy metals
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-034-039
Views: 50
Assessment of the state of soils in specially protected natural reservations of the Kirov region
T. A. Adamovich, E. V. Tovstik, E. S. Soloveva, T. Ya. Ashikhmina, G. I. Berezin, A. M. Prokashev, V. P. Savinykh
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
Проведена оценка состояния особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) регионального – заказник
«Пижемский» и федерального значения – заповедник «Нургуш», распложенных в Кировской области.
Преобладающим типом почв исследуемых ООПТ является аллювиальные дерновые почвы, с сильно- и слабокислой
реакцией среды. Содержание органического вещества в почвах территории заказника «Пижемский» варьирует от 3,1
до 4,7% для луговых и от 1,2 до 7,3% для лесных фитоценозов. Для территории заповедника «Нургуш» содержание
органического вещества в почвах лесных фитоценозов изменяется в интервале от 2,0 до 6,7%. Содержание нитратного
азота в почвах исследуемых ООПТ соответствует среднему уровню обеспеченности почв азотом. Для исследуемых
территорий отмечено снижение содержания аммонийного азота вниз по почвенному профилю. Содержание в почвах
тяжёлых металлов (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd) находится на стабильном уровне в пределах экологической нормы. Во всех
изучаемых почвенных образцах основное содержание из металлов составили марганец и железо, как для подвижной,
так и для валовой формы. Максимальное содержание подвижных форм марганца и железа установлено в образцах
почв верхних горизонтов. Незначительные количества меди, свинца и кадмия свидетельствуют об отсутствии
техногенного загрязнения почвы на этих участках. Среди валовых форм тяжёлых металлов отмечено преобладание
железа в пробах почвы из верхнего и нижнего горизонтов. Максимальное содержание валовой формы железа было
отмечено в образцах с территории заповедника «Нургуш».
Keywords: agrochemical properties, the “Pizhemsky” zakaznik, the “Nurgush” nature reserve, the Kirov Region, soils, phytocenosis, heavy metals
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-040-045
Views: 44
Phytoabsorption of radium-226 from technogenically contaminated soils by the example of Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lathirus pratensis and L. vernus
L. M. Shaposhnikova
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
The absorption of radium-226 by Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lathirus pratensis and L. vernus from podzolic
soil contaminated with solid radioactive dumps (site 1) and alluvial sod soil contaminated with radioactive water
(site 2) has been studied. The concentration of radium was 0.18-63.4 Bq/g of ashed weight (AW) in soil of site 1 and
0.05–21.4 Bq/g of AW in soil of site 2. The univariate analysis of variance did not reveal interspecific differences in
the accumulation of the radionuclide by plants. However, the content of radium in plants selected from the area with
dumps was higher than in the area contaminated with radioactive waters. Thus, the concentration of radium was
1.08–11.67 and 0.64–8.86 Bq/g of AW for C. angustifolium and L. vernus growing in the site 1 and 0.04–3.35 and
0.04–3.78 Bq/g of AW for C. angustifolium and L. pratensis sampled at site 2. The content of mobile (watersoluble
and exchangeable) forms of radium in the soils of both sites was significantly indistinguishable. The obtained results
showed that the concentration of radium in the studied plant species depends most on its total content in the soil and,
to a lesser extent, on the content of its mobile forms. Multiple regression analysis showed that the total content of
radium in contaminated soils depends to the greatest extent on the content of organic matter and phosphorus in them.
The content of radium mobile forms is associated with the content of organic matter, as well as exchangeable cations
of calcium and magnesium. The correlation between radium content in the plants and these alkali-earth elements
was not confirmed. Among the most significant factors which affected radium adsorption by plants was the content of
organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, the ratio of physical sand and physical clay.
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-046-053
Views: 22
The use of glauconite for stabilization and improvement of ammonium nitrate agrochemical properties
Yu. N. Terentyev, N. V. Syrchina, N. N. Bogatyryova, T. Ya. Ashihmina, A. V. Sazanov, M. L. Sazanova, V. A. Kozvonin, A. A. Burkov, V. P. Savinykh
Section: Ecologization of industry
The development of new forms of nitrogen-containing mineral fertilizers comporting with world safety standards is
currently quite a relevant problem. Existing forms of combined fertilizers including ammonium nitrate and carbonates
have a number of disadvantages (hygroscopicity, caking, partial ammonium nitrogen decline). Therefore active search of
new components with certain advantages is conducted. At the same time, their inclusion into the fertilizers’ composition
should ensure a high level of plants’ nitrogen assimilation, exclude environmental pollution and comport with Green
Chemistry principles; low cost and the possibility of large-tonnage output in Russian Federation is also of great importance.
The quartz-glauconitic sandstone from Beloozero deposit (Lysogorsky district, Saratov region) is considered as
such a component. Its chemical composition is determined by the mass-spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma
and atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. The technique of glauconite introduction into the
combined mineral fertilizer with ammonium nitrate was tested. The ammonium nitrate and glauconite ratios are selected
to ensure the fertilizer thermostability and meet the European Union (EU) standards. The evaluation was carried out by
thermogravimetry and differential-thermal analysis. The properties of the obtained fertilizer were tested by bioassay. It
was definitely proved that the obtained fertilizer has a favorable effect on the seeds germination and seedlings development.
Thus, granulated composition containing 80% of AN and 20% of glauconite allows to decrease the nitrogen content
in the fertilizer finished form to 27–28%, which provides the fire-safety and explosion-safety required level, eliminates the
risk of pellets caking during storage, promotes an increase in fertilizer’s agrochemical efficiency and allows to decrease
the fertilizer’s application rates and, consequently, to reduce the environmental burden.
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-054-060
Views: 64
Biodegradation of polymeric composite materials by microscopic fungi
E. Kh. Sakaeva, Yu. V. Kulikova, L. V. Rudakova
Section: Ecologization of industry
The objects of research were polymer composite materials (PCM) based on various reinforced materials and binders:
fiberglass, organoplastics and carbon plastics. The program of experimental studies included three stages. At the first
stage, studies were conducted to identify groups of microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of PCM. The second
stage of the research is devoted to determining the generic and species belonging to microorganisms obtained in the first
stage. At the third stage, the efficiency of the process of biological destruction of PCM by isolated groups of microorganisms
was evaluated. Determination of groups of microorganisms involved in biodestruction was carried out by seeding
on liquid nutrient substrates. Fungi resistance was determined in accordance with GOST 9.049-91.
The main groups of microorganisms developing on the surface of composites are representatives of the genus Peni�
cillium (P. chrysogenum, P. funiculosum, P. cyclopium) and the genus Aspergillus (A. niger, A. terreus, A. oryzae). The
evaluation of the fungi resistance showed that the PCM are non-resistance, so the growth of the fungi is estimated at
4‒ to 5 points. The epoxy matrix is the least fungi resistant, whereas the phenol-formaldehyde matrix more resistant to
fungal destructors. The results of the study shows the advisability of biodegradation technology with microscopic fungi
using for the utilization of polymeric composite materials based on epoxy and phenol-formaldehyde resins reinforced
with glass, carbon or organic fibers.
Article published in number 4 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-061-068
Views: 23
Study of migration and transformation of greasing and cooling fluids in the soil of urbanized area
L. M. Shuklina, G. M. Batrakova, T. N. Nurislamova
Section: Ecologization of industry
Relevance of the work is determined by the requirements of ecological safety in the industrial and civil construction
in areas with identified technogenic soils’ pollution. The paper considers the use of chromatography-mass spectrometry
in a study of polluted soil in order to identify transformation products under natural conditions of multicomponent formulas
of lubricating fluids. The identification and search by mass spectra of the component composition of the industrial
oil transformation products was carried out, a marker compound is proposed. The possibility of structure and element
composition identification on the basis of registration of mass spectra of chemical compounds is shown. The search for
characteristic ions of organic compounds was carried out using a bank of the mass-spectral data library. The characteristic ions (basic and sustaining) describing the structure of chemical compounds and the chromatographic retention time
are determined. To assess the migration of the marker compound, a quantitative determination of the marker compound
was made by capillary gas chromatography in air and polluted soils samples. Soil samples at the bottom of the vessel,
samples of oil-retaining tissue and filtrate from the pallet were examined.
The results of the research are aimed at justifying the method for assessing the contamination of industrial sites
with lubricating fluids, taking into account the transformation of the organic pollutant and recommendations for the
recultivation of polluted technozems.
ISSN 1995-4301
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