The micromycetes complex was studied in the permafrost affected peat soil of the forest-tundra peatland (lower course of the Pechora river, forest tundra). Taxonomical list of microscopic fungi contains 42 species (including two forms of sterile mycelium). Division Zygomycota contains eight species (19%) from genera Mucor, Mortierellа, and Umbelopsis; division Ascomycota – 32 species (76%). Penicillium genus contains the highest number of species (21). The other genera – Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Chrysosporium, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Trichoderma are presented by single species. The highest number of fungi species was found in the upper part of the active layer (depth 0-20 cm) – 38 species (H=2.53), the lowest – in the lower part of the active layer (20-55 cm) – 11 species (H=0.90) and permafrost layer (55-115 cm) – 9 species (Н=1.31). The number of micromycetes varied depending on the used media and temperature of cultivation from single units to hundreds of thousands of colony forming units (CFU) per one gram of substrate. The highest number (51-84 thousands CFU per g of soil) of microscopic fungi was found in the upper part of the active layer (depth 0-4 cm). In the lower part of active layer, high number of micromycetes (60-104 thousands CFU per g of soil) was found only at rich by hydrocarbons media (worth agar, Sabouraud’s medium). In the permafrost layer, this number was lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude (0.2-3.7 thousands CFU per g of soil). Psychrotolerant species growing at temperatures 4-25°С are the basis of the micromycetes complex in the seasonally thawing and permafrost layers in the soil of the frost peat mound. According to the species abundance, the structure of micromycetes complex is presented by rare species – 60%, abundant species count 12-29%. Penicillium simplicissimum (23.6-48.3%), Pseudogymnoascus pannorum (12.0%), and Mycelia sterilia (light colored) (19.9%) were the most abundant in the active layer; Penicillium implicatum (32.3%) and Penicillium simplicissimum (19.4%) and Mycelia sterilia (light colored) (17.7%) – in the permafrost layers.
The purpose of the work is to select the most informative spectral indices for determining the boundaries of reservoirs and diagnosing the processes of eutrophication of water bodies in the Kirov region. Five satellite images obtained
from the Landsat 5 satellite were decrypted. The water color index, turbidity index, chlorophyll concentration index а,
normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized index of water refractive index (NDWI) for four reservoirs in the
Kirov region were determined: Belokholunitskoye, Omutninskoye, Bol’shoye Kirsinskoye and Chernokholunitskoye.
To confirm and correct the data of deciphering the images, we used the results of bathymetric surveys, algological and
chemical analyzes of water from the reservoirs of the Kirov region, obtained during ground-based field observations in
water bodies. To build index maps, we used the QGIS software product, versions 2.18 and 3.8. Scales for indices were
selected empirically, highlighting areas with similar indices. The minimum and maximum values of the index in the
reservoirs were taken as the boundaries of the scale. It is noted that with high turbidity (more than 8 units of turbidity
by formazine) and high water color (from 42 to 398 degrees of color), the most informative indicators for identifying the boundaries of water bodies are the NDVI and NDWI indices. On satellite images taken in the spring, water color indices,
NDVI and NDWI are lower than in the summer. In the Omutninsk reservoir, an increase in the turbidity index during
the mass development of phytoplankton was noted. The ability to assess and compare the degree of development of phytoplankton, its spatial distribution over the water area of the Kirov region reservoirs using the turbidity indices and the
concentration of chlorophyll а in water is shown. When analyzing index charts, it was noted that the maximum values of
the chlorophyll concentration index а correspond to areas of the water area occupied by thickets of higher aquatic plants
(Omutninskoe reservoir) and shallow areas with delayed water exchange (Omutninskoye, Belokholunitskoye reservoirs).
Keywords: eutrophication, remote sensing of the Earth, Landsat 5, normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, color index, turbidity index, chlorophyll concentration index а, algae “bloom”
Article published in number 3 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-028-033
Views: 97
Ecotoxicological characteristics of oil-contaminated soils (sludges) after their reagent treatment
The article presents the results of an experimental processing of the ground oil sludges from the territory of the Variogan oil field (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Tyumen Region), using surface-active reagent for decreasing. toxicity. The efficiency of the chemical reagent treatment of the oil sludge samples (OS), 7.92–18.67 wt% oil contented, was characterized. The treatment was carried out at a mass ratio of oil sludge: reagent = 1: 10 for 30 minutes at 60 °C and 120 rpm. The effect of the oil sludges treatment by the BOK-6 reagent, analyzed in a battery of biotest systems, showed a decrease in the toxicity level of the samples. This tendency is evidenced by a decrease in the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) of aqueous extracts from the treated samples in biotests with crustacea Daphnia magna and infusoria Paramecium caudatum, as well as a decrease of negative phytoeffect caused by treated samples versus untreated. In the process of phytoassay with the applicative method (upon contact of seeds with a solid mass of samples), the observed sensitivity of Raphanus sativus, Avena sativa, Sinapis alba seeds was higher than with the eluate (interaction with water extract) testing method. In general, the conducted studies showed that the physicochemical treatment methods with surfactants solutions contribute to the neutralization of oil sludges, reducing the content of petroleum products.
Article published in number 3 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-120-126
Views: 66
Environmental aspects in the production of mayonnaise
E.I. Rakhimova, А.S. Sirotkin
Section: Ecologization of industry
Wastewater from the production of mayonnaise is water from washing equipment and contains fats and oils as a
dominant impurity in an average concentration of 0.8 to 3% (mass.). It was noted that in the process of disposal, acid
and alkaline wastewater undergoes an ultrafiltration process, and the separated fats are fed to the soapstock, formed at
the stage of alkaline refining during processing and production of sunflower oil and containing water, soap, absorbed
neutral fat, excess alkali. Further use of soapstock in soap making with the production of natural products is relevant.It
has been experimentally shown that in the production of mayonnaise, a comprehensive 3-stage washing of technological
equipment and pipelines, consisting of an alkaline, acid washing and disinfecting solution treatment, with the inclusion
of additional treatment with hot steam at a temperature of 110 о
C and an overpressure of 0.7 bar for 15 min allows you to
increase the production cycle between equipment washes, reduce the amount of industrial wastewater, and also reduce their
pollution by fats and oils by 3-4 times.It was noted that the frequency of washing, including the processing of equipment
and pipelines assembled with hot steam, should be implemented 1 time in 5 days, which allows to reduce the amount of
wastewater generated by 33% and to reduce costs for these technological operations. In addition, it has been shown that
the additional processing of equipment with hot steam during its complex washing ensures the microbiological safety of
the finished product over the shelf life.
The article presents the results of a study of an ecotoxicological characteristics dynamic effected by reagent treatment of ground oil sludge (OS), 7,92–18,67 wt% oil contented, using solutions of surface-active substances. The effectiveness of the treatment by different reagents at a mass ratio of oil sludge : reagent = 1: 10 (60°C and 120 rpm for 30 minutes) differs for different oil sludges. To analyze changes in ecotoxicological characteristics, samples of the original oil sludge and BOK-6 reagent treated were selected. The ecotoxicity dynamic has been studied by biotesting using standardized test cultures of different taxonomic affiliation (crustaceans, ciliates, bacteria, and higher plants). The ecotoxicity study using standard methods for the mortality of Daphnia magna crustacean and Paramecium caudatum infusoria showed that the original and treated oil sludge samples remained toxic to all test cultures, except for bacteria. However, shifts in the positive direction of the values of the «no observed effect concentration» NOEC10 are noticeable, which indicates a decrease in the toxicity of aqueous extracts after reagent treatment. It was established that oil sludge samples in all dilutions are safe for bacteria, since at all investigated dilutions the toxic limit in the Ecolum test system was not exceeded. The phytotesting was carried out by eluate and applicative methods using higher plants: radish Raphanus sativus L., white mustard Sinapis alba L. and oven Avena sativa L. – in the Phytoscan test system. The results showed a general decrease in the oil sludge ecotoxicity after its reagent treatment, as well as a higher sensitivity of the applicative method in comparison with the eluate method.
The effect of CuSO4 solutions with Cu2+ ion concentrations equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/dm3 with the addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) and without it to soil cyanobacteria (CB) of Nostoc paludosum 18 was studied. The duration of exposure of the culture with solutions was 72 hours. During the experiment, the formation of biofilms of the CB from the homogenate was observed, as an indicator of the recovery of the initial population; measured the concentration of dissolved O2 in suspensions of the CB; determined the proportion of CB cells capable of forming formazan from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as an indicator of the viability of the culture.
Under the action of CuSO4, the culture of the CB violated the ability to form biofilms in solutions with concentrations of Cu2+ 1 mg/dm3 or more without the addition of GSH and at Cu2+ concentrations equal to 3 or more mg/dm3 in the presence of tripeptide. By changing the concentration of dissolved O2, it was not possible to diagnose the toxicity of the solution with a concentration of 1 mg Cu2+ /dm3 throughout the experiment. In a solution with a concentration of 2 mg Cu2+ /dm3, the average degree of toxicity was established after three days of exposure. The medium and low degrees of toxicity were detected in solutions with Cu2+ concentrations of 3–5 mg/dm3 after one day of exposure. With an increase in the concentration of Cu2+, the dehydrogenase activity of the CB decreased by 50% or more compared to the control. Solutions with GSH are less toxic than similar solutions without the addition of GSH. The most acceptable test function for the action of copper(II) ions with their concentrations in the solution exceeding the MPC is the dehydrogenase activity of the N. paludosum CB with a titer of 2•107 cells. /cm3.
Keywords: cyanobacteria, copper (II) ions, glutathione, toxicity
Article published in number 3 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-101-108
Views: 26
Heavy metals in soil–plant system in biogeocenoses of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra
G.Ya. El`kina, S.V. Deneva, E.M. Lapteva
Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
Biological cycle, content, and stocks of heavy metals in plant organic matter are an interesting study topic for both
ecological description of biogeocenoses and ecological monitoring. The biocenosis includes three plant communities as
dwarf shrub-mossy (65.6), dwarf shrub-lichen-mossy (17.9), and dwarf shrub-lichen (16.5% of total area) communities.
Soils are Histic Turbic Cryosols under dwarf shrub-mossy community and Histic Cryosols under lichens. Weight fraction
of elements in samples was measured by the method of atomic-emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma
SPECTROARCOS. Soil samples for total ratio of elements were treated by the microwave frequency mineralizer Minotavr
2 (Russia, Lumex Ltd). Mobile forms were carried out of soil samples with the help of 1N ammonium acetate buffer solution
(AAB) with pH 4.8 for exchange forms, and an outflow in acid digest (1M НСl extract) for acid-soluble forms. Heavy metals in plants were assessed after they had been decomposed using nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture in the microwave
frequency mineralizer Minotavr 1 for the method of spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (PND F 16.1:2.3:3.11-98).
Copper and zinc have a high, cadmium – mean, and cobalt, nickel, lead – low frequency rate of biological cycle.
Frequency rate of cycle for the majority of elements in lichen communities is high in contrast to leafy moss communities.
Mosses slow down cycle of elements and hold them in dead material for long time. Composition of elements in soils under
communities normally is the same as that in plants. Organic soil horizon of tundra biocenoses should be considered as a
surface soil-geochemical barrier with a slow elemental cycle. Mineral soil part has high concentrations of zinc and low – of
cadmium. Besides, concentrations of copper, zinc, nickel, and cadmium is similar to worldwide mean values but concentrations of cobalt and lead slightly exceed them. Differences in profile distribution of elements relate to physical-chemical
properties of elements, complex redox conditions of soils due to permafrost and cryoturbation processes. Also, they depend
on composition of plant communities.
Keywords: Heavy metals, biogeochemical cycle, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, biogeocenosis, biomass
Article published in number 3 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-041-047
Views: 50
Application of ground-based research methods for the diagnostics of pollution and eutrophication of water reservoirs of the Kirov region
Т.I. Kutyavina, Т.Ya. Аshikhmina, L.V. Kondakova
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
The status of the four largest reservoirs of the Kirov region was assessed using a set of methods for physicochemical, bioindicative and microbiological analyzes. The combinatorial index of water pollution (CIWP), the specific combinatorial index of water pollution (SCIWP), and water quality classes are defined. It has been established that in terms of chemical indices CIWP decreases in the series: Bol’shoye Kirsinskoye → Omutninskoye → Chernokholunitskoye → Belokholunitskoye reservoirs. It has been shown that ammonium nitrogen and organic substances make the largest contribution to the pollution of reservoirs. The maximum permissible concentrations for reservoirs of cultural and domestic use (MPCc-d.) for total iron (from 2 to 9.5 MPCc-d.) are exceeded in all objects of study, in the Bol’shoye Kirsinskoye reservoir – on bichromate oxidation (COD) (1.6–1.7 MPCc-d.). In the Omutninsky reservoir, indicator plants for the presence of organic pollution were found – Typha latifolia L. and Рotamogeton natans L., which is consistent with the COD value (53 mgO/dm3). It is established the positive reaction of Lemna minor L., L. trisulca L., Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. to the increased content of ammonium nitrogen in the place of sewage discharge into the Omutninsky reservoir, where the ammonium content was 2.1 times higher compared to other parts of the reservoir.
Based on the microbiological analysis of the water of the Omutninsky reservoir, the mesosaprobic zone of the reservoir (central and dam sections) was detected, as evidenced by the ratio of biological oxygen consumption during 5 days to permanganate oxidation (an average of 27%).
Keywords: reservoir, water pollution index, saprobity, eutrophication, phytoindication
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
The possibilities of using multispectral data of remote sensing of the Earth and field research to highlight plant communities
using the example of the Pizhemsky State Nature Reserve (SNR) of the Kirov region are shown. The Pizhemsky
SNR is defined as a complex (landscape) reserve. It is especially valuable for maintaining the integrity, protection and
restoration of aquatic biogeocenoses, preserving in the natural state of the unique natural objects of the region.
Selection of plant communities in the Pizhemsky reserve with the use of remote sensing data was carried out
in several stages: pre-field cameral, field expeditionary and office generalizing. The pre-field cameral stage included
the selection of satellite images from the Landsat 7 and Sentinel 2 satellites and their interpretation to isolate areas
of vegetation that are homogeneous in interpretation. At this stage, several areas that were homogeneous in terms of
certain features (color, microtexture of the pattern, phototones, etc.) were identified, caused by various natural objects
and plant communities of the region. In the field expeditionary stage, work was carried out to identify vegetation types
on the ground. The characteristic of plant communities was carried out according to generally accepted geobotanical
techniques.
The peculiarities of the coenotic composition of forests in the reserve were studied. The composition of the plant
communities of the Pizhemsky SNR reflects the characteristic zonal features of the vegetation of the studied region and
is associated with certain landscape elements. Based on the analysis of the available cartographic material and satellite
images, it has been established floodplain meadows occupy more than 60% of the study area, forests – about 20%. In
order to identify plant communities, the most characteristic and most accessible direct interpretation features (phototone,
shape, structure) were selected. In addition, we used the synthesis of standard combinations of “artificial colors”
channels from the Landsat 7 and Sentinel 2 satellites, which made it possible to identify grassy communities, deciduous
and coniferous forests. The completed classification with training provided important information on the distribution
of the majority of plant communities typical for the region. The NDVI vegetation index made it possible to isolate pine,
deciduous forests and meadow phytocenoses, as well as to recognize water bodies and open soils.
Article published in number 2 for 2019 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-2-039-043
Views: 37
Electrochemical obtaining of nickel hydroxide from nickel plating waste water for application in the alkali secondary cells
V.L. Kovalenko, V.A. Kotok, V.V. Malyshev
Section: Ecologization of industry
The rinsing and wastewater of the plating industry, containing the heavy metal cations, are the source of environmental pollution. Nickel cushions have a strong biological hazard. At the same time, up to 30% of nickel compounds spent on nickel plating are irretrievably lost to the rinsing water. Purification of the rinsing and wastewater from heavy metal cations is expansive. It’s economical effective to develop the methods of local treatment of plating rinsing water with the recovery of the heavy metals in the easy utilizing forms. The hydroxide is the most perspective for nickel, which, if it has high electrochemical activity, can be used for alkaline secondary cell production. The method of electrochemical synthesis of the nickel hydroxide in the slit diaphragm electrolyzer from the rinsing water of bright nickel plating has been proposed. The treatment of rinsing water of the bright nickel plating for surfactants recovery has been made. The samples of nickel hydroxide, obtained from treated and untreated rinsing water, have been studied by XRD, voltammogram and charge-discharge cycling in the secondary cell regime. The comparative analysis shows that even the nickel hydroxide sample, obtained from untreated rinsing water, can be used as an active substance of the positive electrode of alkaline secondary cells. This sample’s specific capacity is 142 mА•h/g with cost is 4 $/kg (in comparison with 182 mА•h/g and 18-22 $/kg for industrial sample). It was detected that the nickel hydroxide sample, obtained from the rinsing water of bright nickel plating after purification from surfactant by bubble-film extraction, has the highest parameters. In this case specific capacity is 194 mА•h/g compared 182 mА•h/g for the industrial sample produced «Boсhemiе» (Czechia).
ISSN 1995-4301
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