Application of geoinformation modeling and fractal analysis in the geoecological assessment of urban geosystems
B.I. Kochurov, M.A. Movchan
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
The article tests modern methods of geo-ecological assessment of settlements, namely GIS modeling and fractal analysis. Recently, they have found wide application in quantifying both the infrastructural components of the urban environment – the street and road network, the density of buildings, the degree of transport accessibility, and the environment-forming ones, such as green zones. GIS modeling methods allow quantifying the distribution density of a certain component of the urban environment or calculating the degree of accessibility in the form of classification and visualizing the results on a spatiotemporal scale in a form convenient for perception. The paper evaluates the parameters of the density of the road network, the density of buildings and the degree of landscaping of the territory according to spectral indices – NDVI and NDBI. Fractal analysis evaluates the range of sustainability of the environment of settlements to factors of anthropogenic load and, thus, areas with varying degrees of severity of anthropogenic impact are identified by the indicator of fractal dimension. The methods of geoinformation modeling and fractal analysis complement each other in geoecological assessment and allow for a more objective assessment of the state of the urban area.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-032-037
Views: 39
Ecological factors determining natural and anthropogenic invasion of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., measures to combat it (review)
T.Ya. Ashikhmina, E.V. Tovstik, T.A. Adamovich
Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
This review analyzes the problem of invasion of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. under the influence of various environmental factors. Particular attention is paid to abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. The influence of these factors on invasiveness is considered on specific examples. It has been established that among abiotic factors, temperature, humidity, light, wind speed and direction, duration and depth of snow cover, terrain, and elemental composition of the soil play the main role in the distribution of H. sosnowskyi. The totality of abiotic factors generally determines the confinement of H. sosnowskyi to areas of a cool humid climate. Increased humidity, the presence of snow cover, low positive temperatures in the autumn-winter and early spring periods create conditions for seed stratification, which ensures the viability of hogweed. Various interspecific interactions, along with other environmental factors, make a significant contribution to the invasiveness of H. sosnowskyi. The determining biotic factor in the case of this species is competition for resources. However, despite the allelapathic activity of hogweed, it can be the object of parasitic invasion of some plant species, for example, vines of Echinocystis lobata. The introduction of H. sosnowskyi into natural phytocenoses depends on their density, it is also closely related to pollinators and phytophages. The connection of the plant with soil microbial communities is noted, which have both positive and negative effects on the invasion of Hogweed. Among anthropogenic factors, the greatest contribution to the invasiveness of H. sosnowskyi is made by the movement of soils contaminated with viable seeds of this plant during construction, the transfer of seeds with various modes of transport. Deforestation plays a significant role in the invasiveness of H. sosnowskyi, during which the structure and composition of vegetation changes. The distribution of hogweed is due not only to environmental factors acting in combination, but also to its high adaptability to various environmental conditions. In this regard, in order to determine the method of combating H. sosnowskyi, it is important to take into account not only the effectiveness of measures, but also the role of environmental factors that determine the viability of this plant.
Keywords: biotic, abiotic, anthropogenic factors, introduction, invasive species, control measures.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-020-031
Views: 25
Galvanic sludge is a source of secondary material resources in the production of filler pigments for paints and varnishes
Galvanic production occupies one of the first places according to the degree of negative impact on the environment due to the content of heavy metal ions which have toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Finding an effective method of recycling and utilization of galvanic sludge will solve the problem of the steady growth of the cost of metals and minimize the negative impact on the environment, which is an important environmental task of great scientific and practical significance. This paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of iron oxide(III) Fe2O3 from ironcontaining galvanic sludge to use it as a filler pigment in the manufacture of paint (red iron oxide). At the initial stage, the original galvanic sludge was dissolved in distilled water to a creamy consistency, and then, sulfuric acid was gradually
added until the pH value gradually decreased (pH 6.0–1.5), metal sulfates were obtained. Iron hydroxide(III) Fe(OH)3 was precipitated from filtered sulfate solutions with 40% NaOH alkali solution at pH 1.5–4.1. After preliminary drying at a temperature of ≈ 150 оС, heat treatment was carried out at 600±2 оС for 5–6 h, obtaining iron oxide(III) Fe2O3, which met the requirements of GOST 10503-71 “Oil paints, ready to use. Technical Conditions in terms of particle size, oil capacity, particle density and pH of aqueous extracts. The iron minium paint made on its basis also met the requirements of this GOST on parameters: viscosity, hiding power, drying time, etc. A schematic diagram is proposed for obtaining a filler pigment used for the production of paints and varnishes. The scheme uses a set and layout of equipment widely used in industry (conveyor, batchers, screw feeders, acid and alkali treatment baths, centrifuge, drying and roasting oven).
Keywords: galvanic sludge, iron hydroxide, utilization, filler pigments, iron oxide, paint and varnish products, iron oxide (III), scheme for obtaining iron oxide (III)
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-089-095
Views: 7
Monitoring of soil algocyanoflora in the technogenic territory
L.V. Kondakova, E.V. Dabakh
Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
The results of monitoring higher vegetation and soil algocyanoflora on the territory of the self-overgrowing liquid waste storage facility after reclamation are presented. The species composition of higher plants and algocyanoflora on monitoring sites depends on the whole complex of soil formation factors: the initial heterogeneity of the substrate, topography, and moisture conditions. Reduced relief and excessive moisture contribute to development of moisture-loving species of higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria; the density of grass sod exacerbates the competitive relations of higher plants (monodominance) and contributes to decrease in the species diversity of microphototrophs. For the entire observation period from 2019 to 2022 66 species were identified on the territory of the backfilled tailing dump including: Cyanobacteria – 29; Chlorophyta – 20; Xanthophyta – 5; Eustigmatophyta – 3; Bacillariophyta – 9. Cyanobacteria (СВ) dominate the algocyanoflora communities at all sites accounting for 43–47% of the species diversity. Few species of yellow-green and eustigmatophyte algae sensitive to technogenic pollution have been noted. The research did not reveal any regular relationship between soil pollution, vegetation species diversity and algocyanoflora composition. However, it can be assumed that the increased content of nitrates in soils in the low area under reed thickets may be the reason for the low species diversity of CB. Over time, increasing similarity of algocyanoflora on the monitoring sites was noted. The maximum difference in the species composition of algae and CB identified on the site under the monoassociation of common reed is conditioned by excessive soil moisture in the lowering of the relief.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-047-055
Views: 22
The state of larch forests and prospects for growing Siberian larch in the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests
N.P. Savinykh, A.A. Teterin
Section: Population ecology
For the sustainable development of society, timely and high-quality reproduction of forests is necessary with the preservation of ecosystem functions at the expense of economically valuable species, such as Larix sibirica Led. The aim of the work is to study the composition and structure of artificially created larch forests in the subzone of broadleafconiferous forests of the Kirov Region to find out the possibility, expediency and features of them for the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity, as well as timber resources. Communities were characterized from these positions by traditional silvicultural, geobotanical, ecological, and cenotic characteristics. The state of the stand was evaluated in comparison with normal stands according to M.M. Orlov. It was found that: 1) Larch stands mainly correspond to the values of normal stands of this age and are distinguished by a greater stock of wood than forests of the main forest-forming species of the region. 2) There is a tendency of natural transformation of larch forests into forests with greater participation of spruce: large undergrowth of Picea abies L., Abies sibirica Ledeb., Betula pendula L.; presence of boreal species in underbrush: Sorbus aucuparia L., Rubus idaeus L.; prevalence of boreal ecological and cenotic group (EEC) among herbs; moss cover of taiga species. 3) The main reason for community change is high density of stands. 4) Presence of non-moral ECG species, including Convallaria majalis L., which is protected in Kirov region. Increase of resource, supporting and preserving functions of forest ecosystems in the sub-zone of broadleaf-coniferous forests of Kirov region is possible and expedient by using L. sibirica in forest reproduction. To prevent transformation of larch forests into forests with spruce it is necessary to maintain illumination, for which purpose it is expediente carry out a full complex of forest maintenance cuts, especially thinning and pass logging.
Keywords: Larix sibirica Led., Siberian larch, the productivity of the stand, ecological-cenotic groups, biodiversity, ecosystem services of the forest
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-155-163
Views: 12
Rational forest management in Russia: problems and prospects of improving the organizational and legal mechanism
D.G. Domrachev, А.А. Kirillovyh, V.N. Pugach
Section: Social ecology
The solution to the problem of preserving forests on the planet depends on the efforts of the entire world community. An important place in this issue is given to legal mechanisms that consolidate the mutual obligations of states, as well as the norms of domestic legislation to ensure the sustainable development of forests and forestry. The article analyzes the current state and practice of implementing the international legal regime, as well as the provisions of domestic forest legislation in terms of organizational and legal support for improving the efficiency of economic use of forests on the territory of the Russian Federation. The problems and prospects of the implementation of certain regulatory instruments that ensure the implementation by the Russian Federation of state policy in the field of forestry development are shown. In particular, the author substantiates the decisive role of the state in building mechanisms for rationalizing the use of forests, taking into account the use of a set of administrative and economic incentive measures for economic entities. It is necessary to move from a resource-oriented approach to an ecosystem one in the development of the forest economy, allowing to harmonize the interests of the state, society and business in the use of forest resources while maintaining acceptable rates of socio-economic development of the country.
Keywords: legal mechanism, state regulation, rational forest management, forestry, ecological function, lease of forest plots
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-198-208
Views: 14
Identification of the toxic effects of heavy metals on phytoplankton by the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves using machine learning
The creation of a network of autonomous stations for bioindication of water bodies state requires the development of methods for analyzing large data arrays. The combination of machine learning methods with traditional statistical methods is used to identify implicit patterns in the dataset for the effect of heavy metals on natural phytoplankton. The array of experimental data consists of 465 fluorescence induction curves measured on phytoplankton samples from 9 water bodies of the Pskov region, and reflecting the dynamics of electron transfer in the photosynthetic apparatus. Each curve is characterized by 14 JIP-test parameters, some of which directly describe the shape of the curve; the others connect the shape of the curve with the energy flows that occur in the photosynthetic apparatus under illumination. Cluster analysis based on a set of JIP-test parameters was used to distinguish photosynthetic activity first among phytoplankton samples in control and then under long-term exposure to cadmium and chromium salts. In the control samples, two groups were identified that differ in the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton. It is assumed that the lower photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton samples is associated with anthropogenic pressure on the water bodies. It was shown that the samples with initially low photosynthetic activity responded to the toxic effect of heavy metals at later periods of incubation compared to more active samples. The proposed approach can be easily scaled to analyze large arrays of experimental data that makes it a promising tool for the early detection of toxic pollution of natural waters.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-126-134
Views: 19
Finding of the thermophilic fungus Laetiporus sulphureus on the territory of Kirov
D.V. Popyvanov, A.A. Shirokikh, Yu.A. Zlobina
Section: Population ecology
climate is characterized by the predominance of continental air of temperate latitudes and the weather is unstable in terms of temperatures and precipitation throughout the year. The region is characterized by a long moderately cold and snowy winter, a prolonged spring, early autumn and a moderately warm short summer. The average air temperature in the city of Kirov in winter is -9.2 оС, in summer it is +16.4 оС. The annual precipitation is 582 mm, of which 60–70% falls on the warm season. A pure culture of sulfur-yellow tinder was isolated using a fragment of the fruit body extracted from the inner part of the basidiocarp. The growth rate of isolate Laetiporus sulphureus NV on wort agar was 10.6 mm/day, on PGA – 7.8 mm/day. Species identification of the fungus was confirmed by molecular genetic method, the results were deposited in GenBank: ON130354.1. Phylogenetic analysis of species of the genus Laetiporus was carried out. The antibiotic activity of the isolate was studied. It was found that the fungus inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria i>Arthrobacter humicola 30H, Pedobacter agri 85Td and gram-negative species Pseudomonas cepacia 5809, Erwinia rhapontici DAG1-1. As a result of the liquid-phase ultivation of the L. sulphureus NV isolate on various liquid nutrient media using a magnetic stirrer, it was found that the greatest accumulation of biomass on 20 days of cultivation is observed on a liquid medium based on a decoction of barley husk with the addition of 2% glucose. The accumulation of dry mycelium biomass up to 1.64 g/L was revealed.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-181-189
Views: 11
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and other toxic elements in the muscles of fish in the Volga River basin
A.V. Gorbunov, B.V. Ermolaev, D.B. Petrenko, O.I. Okina, G.A. Granovskaya
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
The purpose of this work was to study the accumulation of heavy and toxic elements in the muscles of the main commercial fish of the Volga River basin. Sampling was carried out throughout the Volga River, in areas that are characterized by varying degrees of industrial development. In the course of the work, tissue samples of the main species of commercial fish were selected (about 300 samples in total). The analysis of the selected material was carried out by a set of methods: induction coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flamу atomic absorption spectroscopy and cold steam atomic absorption. Based on this analysis, the levels of accumulation of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Sb, I, Hg, Pb in the muscles of the main species of commercial fish were determined. Graphs of the distribution of the concentration of elements in the muscles of perch depending on the area of fishing are given: the maximum concentration of the sum of toxic elements in the muscles of perch is characteristic of the Rybinsk reservoir and the area of the village of TsaganAman, and the minimum – for the upper Volga and delta. The dependence of accumulation of As, Cd, Hg, Se, I and Br in the muscles of perch on the mass of fish has been assessed. It was found that the concentration of Hg and Se in the muscles of the perch is directly proportional to the weight of the fish.
Keywords: heavy metals, toxic elements,bioaccumulation, fish tissues, accumulation features, the Volga River
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-080-088
Views: 18
Heavy metals in soils of various functional zones of urbanized territories: assessment of the content and environmental risk
T.A. Trifonova, I.N. Kurochkin, Yu.N. Kurbatov
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
In order to analyze heavy metal pollution of urbanized soils of the city of Vladimir, the selection and study of soil samples was carried out. Soil samples were analyzed for lead, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and chromium. The obtained indicators were compared with the maximum permissible concentrations and background values. The regularities between the proximity of the studied sites to industrial enterprises and the concentration of heavy metals in the soil are established. The coefficients of accumulation of heavy metals in soils have been calculated and metals that are priority pollutants with the highest accumulation coefficient have been identified. By calculating the total accumulation index, the territory of the city is differentiated by the degree of danger. The calculation of such indicators as: the general pollution index PLI, the indicator of potential environmental risk PERI, the Nemerow pollution index (NPI). It has been established that lead, arsenic and zinc are priority pollutants. The degree of soil contamination of various functional zones according to the indicator of potential environmental risk and the general pollution index PLI increases in the following series: zones of multi-storey buildings < zones of green spaces < zones of transport infrastructure < zones of low-rise buildings < industrial zones.
Keywords: heavy metals, functional zoning, soil pollution, urbanized soils, anthropogenic impact, geoinformation systems
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-038-046
ISSN 1995-4301
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