Seasonal variation of concentration and net CO2 exchange in the spruce forest ecosystem of the middle taiga
S.V. Zagirova, J.F. Mikhailov
Section: Ecology and climate change
Measurements of CO2 concentration in atmospheric air and CO2 fluxes over the forest canopy were carried out to quantify ecosystem net exchange (NEE) in spruce stands during the growing season of 2017. In the conditions of cool and rainy summer, the rate of net CO2 exchange between the spruce forest and the surface atmosphere varied from -15.0 to 15.0 gCO2 /(m2 · day), the cumulative NEE from May to August was -780 gCO2 /m2 . In the second half of August the spruce forest became a source of CO2 release into the atmosphere. The change in the CO2 concentration in the air column was approaching zero and did not affect the accumulation of ecosystem exchange. Measurements at eight heights of spruce stands showed a gradual decrease in CO2 concentration in the first half of the growing season, the minimum values were noted in July and August, during the period of maximum photosynthesis of forest trees. The main source of CO2 is soil, respectively, the maximum concentrations are noted in the ground layer of air. The amplitude of seasonal fluctuations in the CO2 content in the air at a height of 0.5 m was 92 ppm, at 2.5 m – 67 ppm, and in the crown space did not exceed 47 ppm. The rate of turbulent air mixing and photosynthetic activity of the canopy of the stand determined the daily changes in the concentration gradient according to the altitude profile of the phytocenosis. Decrease of CO2 in the air column 0–30 m after sunrise and before noon corresponded to an increase in net exchange in the ecosystem of forest. The results of one year of observations indicate that the spruce forest ecosystem performs the function of a sink of carbon dioxide, however,
to assess the interannual variability of net exchange, continuous long-term measurements are required.
Keywords: spruce forest, middle taiga, surface layer of atmosphere, carbon dioxide net exchange, eddy-covariance
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-226-234
Views: 16
Survival and reproductive value of different cohorts in the muskrat population (Ondatra zibethicus L.)
N.S. Korytin, V.V. Shiryaev
Section: Population ecology
A few demographic parameters of the muskrat population have been obtained. The study is based on data from trapping muskrat samples (total 2018 individuals) and information on the fertility of 868 females. Variation in the cohort’s survival rate and reproductive value were studied for the first time on the basis of the muskrat population age distribution in the Ili River delta. The females specific survival rate was slightly higher than males in all age intervals. Both males and females survival rate was dramatically reduced starting at the age 1+. Maximal specific survival rate in the 0+ – 1+ age interval is typical for animals of the first cohort, minimal – for the second, which is most numerous. The picture of specific survival rate changes as cohort is growing older. In older age classes, the maximum survival rate turn out to last, third cohort. So, in the last age class the largest part of individuals belong to the third cohort (75%). As a result, the largest number of offspring is brought by females of this cohort (1.24–1.57 times more than representatives of the first and second cohorts). This is indicating the highest reproductive value of the third cohort females. No significant discrepancy in the fertility of females from different cohorts were found. That is, differences in the reproductive value of muskrats belonging to different cohorts arise due to the difference in specific survival rate. The number of representatives of the first two cohorts, which survived for the next year, is quite enough to form the population parent number. The muskrat retains the mechanism of forming next year reproductive core, which is typical to small voles, but it does not have a determining value for it.
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-175-182
Views: 23
An approach to the development of an integral index of ecological well-being of the territory
A.V. Minkina, S.A. Dvinskikh, T.V. Zueva
Section: Social ecology
The deterioration of the ecological state of all natural components in the territory of the Perm Krai is associated with an intense technogenic impact on the environment and an increase in the incidence of the population. Currently, in the practice of nature management there is no single, generally accepted method of integral assessment of both the ecological state of territories and the social conditions of life of the population. Most of the existing indicators (indices) consider only individual components of the general ecological state and are usually based on monitoring data. We believe that for a large region (for example, for the Perm Krai), it is advisable to take the technogenic impact as the basis for assessing the ecological state of the territory, with the obligatory consideration of the consequences of this impact on public health. To assess the ecological state of the territory, it is proposed to use the integral index of the ecological well-being of the territory. The stages of development of the integrated index of the ecological well-being of the territory are presented, the methodology for assessing the ecological state of the territory, assessing the social conditions of life and the incidence of the population is proposed. For the first time, a conditional norm was used as an evaluation criterion – the value of 50% probability of exceeding the selected calculated indicators. The main results of using the methodology are given on the example of the administrative-territorial units of the Perm Krai are presented.
Keywords: Perm Krai, ecological state, index of ecological well-being, social conditions, morbidity of the population, assessment of the state of the territory
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-235-240
Views: 20
Study of the properties of local isolates of Parastagonospora nodorum
A.V. Bakulina, D.V. Popyvanov, A.V. Kharina
Section: Agroecology
To study the cultural, morphological and pathogenic properties of fungi that cause Septoria blotch of wheat in the conditions of the Kirov region, phytopathogenic fungi were isolated from the affected plants. Of the 38 fungal isolates selected in pure culture, eight were identified by cultural and morphological features as Parastagonospora nodorum which causes Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). To confirm the species identity, the DNA of fungi was used for real-time
PCR using the commercial test system “Septorioz zlakov (Stagonospora nodorum)” (“AgroDiagnostika”, Russia). Based on experimental data, a modification of the method for isolating fungi that cause Septoria blotch of wheat is proposed. Cultural and morphological properties of local P. nodorum isolates (TR1, TR2, P12, H7, H9, KR, SB, TC) were characterized on potato-glucose agar (PGA). The use of malt-yeast agar as a medium in comparison with PGA stimulated the growth rate of the P. nodorum KR isolate and did not affect the growth rate of other fungal isolates. Evaluation of the pathogenic properties of local P. nodorum isolates on wheat plants showed that TC and H9 isolates are highly pathogenic. These isolates can be used to screen the resistance to SNB of a wide range of wheat genotypes grown in the Kirov region.
Keywords: Septoria nodorum blotch, Parastagonospora nodorum, cultural and pathogenic properties, pycnidospores, growth rate
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-212-218
Views: 7
Heavy metals in snow cover and urban soils
E.A. Gornostaeva, G.I. Berezin, E.V. Dabakh
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
The pollution of snow cover and soils of different functional zones of the city of Kirov with heavy metals (HM) has been assessed. Judging by the state of the snow cover, the level of air pollution with Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd in winter in different functional zones of the northern part of the city and in the background territory differs slightly, but varies significantly over the years of observation. A correlation was found (r = 0.98–0.99) between the content of HMs in the snow cover and their total content in the soil.
It is shown that the level of soil pollution depends on the selected background indicators. In the absence of excess of gross forms of HM over approximate permissible concentrations, the indicator of total pollution (Zc ) corresponds to the average level of soil pollution in the industrial zone. Pollution is diagnosed by the accumulation of mobile HM compounds, and the mobility coefficients (indicators that do not depend on the selected background) make it possible to assess the risk of accumulation of Pb and Cd in soils in exchangeable and carbonate-related forms in the industrial, as well as in the recreational areas of the northern part of the city, as very high.
Keywords: heavy metals, accumulation snow cover, urban soils, urbanized areas, atmospheric air
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-110-117
Views: 31
NDVI – alpha diversity relationship in tropical montane cloud forest of Ecuador
S. Llerena, G. Toasa, A.I. Kurbatova
Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
In tropical forest the biodiversity is in a constant threat, some species are listed in the IUCN as vulnerable, endan-
gered or threatened with extinction. Thus, a fast method for biodiversity determination or monitoring can contribute to
its conservation. Remote sensing has demonstrated to be a powerful tool, and together with the vegetation indexes, can
determine the vegetation state of forest. Recently researches have correlated the normalized differentiated vegetation
index (NDVI) with species richness, structure and biodiversity of forests obtaining successful results.
This study, conducted in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) of Ecuador, aims to correlate NDVI with alpha
diversity estimators to understand its relationships. NDVI of Landsat OLI 8 Level 1 images in five months was determined. We considered a scene as valid in case of cloud coverage in the areas of interest below 25%. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections, with flaash tool, and the delimitation of the study site (ROI) were developed in ENVI 5.3 program. NDVI was calculated with ENVI 5.3 program (histograms allowed the determination of mean, maximum and minimum NDVI), and with ArcGIS 10.3 (for classification index). In field, species richness, Chao1, Shannon index, Simpson index, and biomass of three plots were quantified for trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm. Then, we calculate Pearson coefficient to correlate and disentangle the effects of altitude, diversity, richness, biomass and NDVI. A positive relationship was observed between Mean NDVI and Chao1 (p < 0.10) and Mean NDVI – richness (p < 0.05). In conclusion, NDVI can be considered useful to estimate richness and biodiversity and even to detect ecotone as was the case in this research. The application of this methodology could allow biodiversity assessment and monitoring in real time and low cost, which contributes in forest conservation programs.
The restoration of natural communities on anthropogenically disturbed lands is one of the world’s problems. Our studies in Kuzbass show that even after 35–40 years, areas reclaimed in different ways do not create full-fledged conditions for mammals, inhabitants of the dark coniferous taiga forests. In all studied areas, the indices of the abundance and species richness in mammalian communities are significantly inferior to the original taiga communities. The similarity with indigenous communities of mammals was found in pine plantations adjacent to self-growing deforested areas of the dark
coniferous taiga. These habitats are characterized by the highest indices of abundance and species richness among the studied sites. The most impoverished in terms of the species richness of small mammals and their number were terraced areas with a very insignificant soil layer, reclaimed by the European white birch Betula pendula Roth. and sea-buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides L. The communities of small mammals that have formed here show a faunistic similarity with the population of dry meadows on the place of the felled dark coniferous taiga, but not with the indigenous taiga population. Large and medium-sized mammals in reclaimed areas are few or absent altogether. The reclamation methods should involve the formation of forage and protective functions for forest dwellers. During reclamation, it is necessary to abandon mono-plantings. To create vital conditions, it is necessary to mosaic planting of various groups of plants with the obligatory alternation of
coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forest areas. The share of various shrubs is about 50%. Since animals are concentrated in ecotone areas, when carrying out forest reclamation, it is necessary to provide for the formation of an extended forest edge line, that is, to lay “forest glades” surrounded on all sides by woody plants and shrubs.
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-183-191
Views: 6
Ecological trend of succession in mycobiome of the old botanical garden chernozem
I.D. Svistova, N.N. Nazarenko
Section: Population ecology
The article presents the results of long-term bioindication studies of the mycobiome of the leached chernozem of the B.A. Keller Botanical Garden of the Voronezh State Agrarian University. In this article, for the first time in our longstanding bioindication studies, we established the ecological trend of the succession of soil mycobiome of the Botanical Garden. The influence of plant rhizodeposites led to an increase in the α- and β-diversity of mycobiome compared to virgin soil,
the accumulation of copiotrophic, hydrolytic, phytopathogenic species. However, the transition of soil mycobiome to the adaptive response of “stress” is observed, what appeared in the concentration of dominance of typical species, a decrease in the proportion of stenotopic species and the accumulation of toxigenic micromycetes. A sensitive method was selected for determining the biological (phytotoxic) activity of the soil, and the decisive role of micromycetes as a biotic factor in its development was confirmed. The main direction of succession of the soil mycobiom under intense microbial-plant interactions is the accumulation of species of fungi that synthesize mycotoxins. The stress reaction of the mycobiome and the growth of phytotoxic activity of the soil indicate the important role of microbial-plant interactions in reducing the stability of even such a high-buffer type of soil as leached chernozem. The results obtained can be used to assess and
predict the ecological state of soil ecosystems using mycoindication.
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-142-148
Views: 8
Technogenic impact of wastewater on the hydrochemical composition of the Angara River
V.I. Poletaeva, M.V. Pastukhov
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
The Angara River is a source of drinking water supply for the population of Irkutsk Oblast (Russia). The ecosystem
of the river has been under anthropogenic impact from the large Usolie-Sibirsky industrial zone for several decades. The aim of the present study was to analyze the concentrations of trace elements in the wastewater entering the Angara River and to determine their impact on the river’s hydrochemical composition. For this purpose, concentrations of 21 trace elements were measured in the wastewater and waters of Angara River at different distances from the technogenic sources. The results obtained show that wastewater contains high concentrations of a large range of trace elements. The intensity of anthropogenic impact was determined using a contamination factor (CF), which allowed to identify four groups of trace elements depending on their concentration exceeding the background level. The largest factors are determined for Sb (CF up to 123), B (CF up to 345), Ti (CF up to 651), Br (CF up to 913), Ge (CF up to 1093), Hg (CF up to 1991). The inflow of elements of anthropogenic origin is reflected in a negative change in the hydro-chemical composition of the Angara River at sites where waste- and river water are mixed. However, due to intensive dilution of wastewater by the Angara River, concentration of most trace elements in the river water at a distance of 5 km downstream of contamination sources are reduced to background levels. At the same time, elements (Li, As, V, Mo, B, Br, Ge, Hg) have been identified, whose concentrations in the water of the Angara River in this section remain above the background values. Increased concentrations of the observed trace elements can lead to negative consequences for hydrobionts, which are vulnerable even to minor changes in the chemical composition of the Angara River.
Keywords: Angara River, wastewater, pollution, migration of technogenic microelements
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-090-095
Views: 33
Monitoring of parks in the coastal zone of the Neva bay with the snail Arianta arbustorum
N.N. Kamardin, S.V. Kholodkevich, V.M. Makeeva
Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
Analysis of environmental problems, assessment and prediction are closely related to the study of populations of widespread animal species, in our case, of mollusk Arianta arbustorum (Linnæus, 1758), mass invasion of which is known for the Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg since the second half of the 2000 years. The concentration of heavy metals (HM) in snail’s hepatopancreas was measured on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and an atomic emission spectrometer using inductively coupled plasma emission. In order to monitor accumulated anthropogenic pollution in the parks on the coast of the Neva bay the thermoresistance of snails from various coastal biotopes was studied. The rate
of decrease in heart rate (HR) after switching off the heat exposure (lasting for 20 minutes) was compared in snails from the village of New Ropsha (reference location) and other locations: Alexandria Park, Oranienbaum Park, Dubki Park. According to the accumulation of HM in the snail’s hepatopancreas, in Oranienbaum Park significant (p ≤ 0.05) excess for all studied HM (Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb) was found in comparison with the reference location in the village of New Ropsha and with other locations. The potential environmental risk determined according to Hakanson in Oranienbaum Park was rated as high. The thermoresistance of snails from this location contaminated with HM is characterized as low, which suggests a possible violation of the protective system of heat shock proteins. This may reduce their ability to restore heat-denatured proteins, including contractile proteins of the heart, which usually leads to a rapid drop in HR in mollusks from polluted sites.
Keywords: Arianta arbustorum, accumulation of heavy metals, potential environmental risk, heart rate, thermo- resistance
Article published in number 3 for 2022 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-075-081
ISSN 1995-4301
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