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Climate modeling of the potential distribution area of Pulsatilla turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg. (Ranunculaceae) in Eurasia

V.F. Zaykov, V.Vaganov, A.I. Shmakov

Section: Population ecology

Pulsatilla turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg. is an early flowering, ornamental plant species collected actively by people. Due to the medicinal properties of the species, the raw material is used in traditional medicine. In this regard, P. turczaninovii is rare and is listed in some regional Red Data Books of the Russian Federation. A study of the funds of the leading Eurasian Herbaria (LE, MW, B, VLA, NS (NSK), ALTB, PE), special literary sources and personal observations of the authors in nature made it possible to detail the current distribution area of the species. P. turczaninovii occupies the territory of Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, China and Mongolia, without going beyond the borders of North Asia. The potential area of P. turczaninovii was obtained using the climate modeling method based on the data of the modern distribution of the species and eight bioclimatic variables (screening of correlating variables was done in the SDMtoolbox application) in the MaxEnt program. According to the AUC index of the test sample, the predictive model showed high quality of the result interpretation. The AUC value was 0.879 ± 0.016. The permutation test revealed the factors with the greatest influence on the distribution of P. turczaninovii. The most important factors were: BIO1 (32.5 %) – an average annual temperature, BIO12 (21.9 %) – an average annual precipitation, BIO15 (16.1 %) – a precipitation seasonality, BIO19 (11.5 %) – a precipitation of the coldest quarter, the lowest factor was BIO8 (0.4 %) – an average temperature of the wettest quarter.

Keywords: climate, distribution area, Herbarium, rare species

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-140-144

Ecological aspects of contamination of recreational areas with animal excrement

I.N. Lykov, S.A. Kusacheva, V.K. Ilyin

Section: Social ecology

The accumulation of dog feces on city streets and recreation due to the habit of dog owners not to clean dog excrement can be a serious environmental problem and adversely affect public health. Dog feces contain intestinal nematodes and microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals. In an urban environment, favorable conditions are created for the infection of people and animals in contact with contaminated soil and sand in sandboxes. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of parasitic and microbial contamination of soils and sandboxes located in residential areas of the city of Kaluga (Russia). Over the past 19 years, there has been an increase in the number of cats (by 15,060 individuals) and dogs (by 26,550 individuals) in the city of Kaluga, which are carriers of Toxocara. We have studied 180 soil and sand samples in various areas of the city. The pollution of soil and sand with Toxocara eggs has been reported in areas with high population density, including playgrounds and kindergarten areas. The percentage of soil pollution of the boulevards by Toxocara eggs is 4.9 times higher than the pollution of sandboxes and 1.9 times higher than the pollution of lawns. Most often, mold fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Candida, Alternaria, and Rhizopus were sown from the soils of lawns and boulevards. Bacterial microflora is represented by Clostridium, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella and Micrococcus. The average number of microorganisms isolated from soil and sand samples varied in the range from 1.5 to 3.0 million CFU per 1 g. The presence of micrococci and spores of the cladosporium fungi characteristic of canine feces microbiome was revealed in the atmosphere of various districts of the city. This may be due to contamination of the city territory with feces of dogs, which are one of the sources of bacterial pollution of the atmosphere.

Keywords: domestic animals, recreation, excrement, toxocara, bacterial contamination

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-227-234

The development of total organic carbon determination method in the sea water

A.S. Pochtovalova, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov, D.S. Kosyakov

Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects

The subject of the article is to improve the method for determining the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawater by high-temperature catalytic oxidation. The studies were carried out with the help of an elemental analyzer with infrared C-NDIR detector. The model solutions and samples of Barents sea water were used as objects of study. We proposed NaCl water solution as a blank sample in order to determine the dissolved organic carbon content in the seawater with mass concentration range equal to 10–250 mgC/dm3 . The salinity of NaCl solution is equal to the salinity of the analyzed sample. We proposed to use the standard solutions with fixed salinity in order to build the calibration dependency for determination of dissolved carbon with concentration up to 10 mg/dm3 . The application of this approach reduces the error of determination of dissolved carbon in seawater from 20 to 7%. The proposed modification of the technique allows to determine the content of DOC with a salinity of 35 g/dm3 with a relative measurement error up to 7%. A series of seawater samples from the Barents Sea was analyzed. The obtained values of the organic carbon content were from 1.60 to 4.20 mg/dm3 . Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon are observed in places corresponding to the occurrence of less warm Atlantic water masses or Arctic and Barents Sea waters. In the southern part of Barents Sea, the maximum carbon concentrations are mainly due to the high productivity of the coastal waters coming from the continental drain and flowing from the Norwegian Sea with the coastal current along the coast of Norway.

Keywords: total organic carbon, sea water, elemental analysis, catalytic oxidation

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-097-101

Purification of model waters from aluminum ions by wastewater from the soda pulping of cellulose from the shells of cereals

S.V. Stepanova, A.A. Alekseeva

Section: Ecologization of industry

Aluminum ions contained in water do not belong to substances with a pronounced toxic effect. Solutions of aluminum salts are highly stable, but with gradual accumulation in human and animal organisms have a harmful effect, especially in the presence of dysfunctions of the excretory system. Therefore, the problem of industrial wastewater treatment and water treatment for technical and drinking purposes is becoming more and more important every year. The authors have studied the possibility of using alkaline wastewater formed while obtaining cellulose from agricultural waste (shells of wheat, oats, and barley) by the natron method as flocculant reagents for wastewater treatment from contamination with aluminum ions. The pH values at which the most complete deposition of aluminum hydroxocomplexes occurs are determined: when using alkaline wastewater, the pH is 6.0, and for a NaOH solution, the pH is 5.0. An increase in the precipitation rate of particles formed during the purification of model waters from aluminum ions with alkaline reagents from waste cereals and the enlargement of the resulting floccules by 35% is shown. It was determined that the efficiency of removing aluminum ions from the model water from the proposed reagents is not inferior to traditional alkaline wastewater from the production of cellulose from oat husks (at low concentrations of aluminum ions it is 20% higher). Water purification occurs due to the interaction of Al3+ ions with the functional groups of lignin and cellulose, pentosans, and other polysaccharides, as well as unreacted NaOH, which gives alkalinity to reagents from waste cereals.

Keywords: aluminum ions, alkaline wastewater, flocculation refinery

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-124-128

Hygiene assessment of the spring water quality based on a risk-oriented approach

K.A. Savina, D.E. Ivanov, A.V. Kosarev, A.V. Shorina, Yu.A. Pankratova

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

The work considers the safety of the use of springs in the Saratov region as alternative sources of water supply. The objects of the study were 31 springs. Due to the increased anthropogenic load, special attention was paid to 11 springs in the city of Saratov. Studies were conducted during 2018 for 25 chemical indicators, according to Sanitary Regulation SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The water quality of 65% of the springs surveyed by chemical indicators corresponds to sanitary standards, 35% of the springs studied exceed the MAC at least one indicator, the percentage of samples with excesses on several indicators was 23. Most often, the excess of the established standards is noted for the sanitary and chemical indicators of arid territories: total hardness (31%), the content of manganese (31%), nitrates (23%), total iron (8%). According to the contribution to the risk of olfactory-reflex effects, the priority pollutants of the springs of the Saratov region can be arranged in descending order: manganese, hardness, chlorides, nitrates, iron. Spring water pollution in the Saratov region is associated with the interaction of stratal waters with sedimentary rocks of aquifers, as well as agricultural activities.

Keywords: springs, sanitary and chemical indicators of water quality, organoleptic risk, manganese, iron, nitrates

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-050-055

Production of pigments for concrete based on iron-containing industrial waste

N.V. Syrchina, L.V. Pilip

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

Iron-containing industrial waste (Fe-waste) can be used as secondary raw materials for the production of iron oxide pigments (PIO). The basis of PIO is hematite Fe2O3 (red), goethite FeOOH (yellow), magnetite Fe3O4 (black). Pyrite cinders, spent iron oxide catalysts, waste of synthesis pigment TiO2, acid mine waters, gas cleaning sludge of converter production, waste from processing bauxite into alumina, spent pickling solutions and others can be used for processing in PIO. The main consumer of PIO is the construction industry. A variety of colors, resistance to sunlight, atmospheric factors, alkalis and weak acids, good hygienic characteristics will make it possible to use PIO as fillers for painting concrete, brick, paving slabs, tiles in various shades of red, yellow, orange, brown. The color range of PIO can be expanded due to the inclusion of additives in the composition of pigments: oxides of various metals, organic chromophores and others. The classic processes of Laux and Penniman, methods of precipitation and thermal decomposition, simplified process solutions based on the calcination of iron-rich waste can be used for convert waste in pigments. Pigments obtained by classical methods are characterized by a stable composition and higher quality than pigments obtained by simplified methods. The advantages of simplified technologies are the minimum amount of secondary waste generated, low costs for the introduction of technologies into practice, and the moderate cost of the resulting PIO. The main disadvantage of the classical and simplified technological solutions proposed by various authors is the poor study of issues related to the disposal of the resulting secondary waste. Rational way out of this problem will make it possible to successfully implement an integrated approach to the processing of raw materials and return thousands of tons Fe-waste stored at landfills to the economic turnover.

Keywords: iron-containing waste, pigments for concrete, iron oxide pigments, technology of iron oxide pigments

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-050-057

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: characteristics, sources, standardization, spectroscopic determination methods (review)

O.A. Plotnikova, G.V. Melnikov, E.I. Tikhomirova

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

The review presents relevant data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): physical and chemical characteristics, sources of release into the environment, impact on human health, sanitary and hygienic regulation, methods of sample preparation and detection. PAHs are found everywhere in nature: in geological sediments, soil, air, water, snow, plant and animal tissues. Many of the PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic activity. The content of PAHs, as a class of organic pollutants with a complex mechanism of action, should be mainly controlled during environmental monitoring. All measures to reduce the level of environmental pollution in Russia are based on control over the content of harmful substances, which is regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards. The wide distribution of PAHs in trace concentrations and their ability to accumulate in various objects necessitates the development of effective methods for their control. Special attention in the review is paid to modern spectroscopic methods for the determination of PAHs in environmental objects: spectrophotometry, low-temperature Shpol’skii luminescence, molecular fluorescence analysis, micellar-stabilized and solid-phase luminescence, phosphorescence at room temperature, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A comparative analysis of the methods allows us to conclude that the sensitivity of the methods of molecular luminescence analysis, as a rule, exceeds the methods of spectrophotometry. The main limitations of the methods of molecular luminescence analysis are associated with insufficiently high versatility and selectivity. Further studies to improve spectroscopic control methods aimed at eliminating interfering influences and improving the selectivity and sensitivity of methods for analyzing multicomponent PAH mixtures in environmental monitoring are promising.

Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sources of PAHs, effect on human health, spectroscopic methods, absorption, luminescence

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-012-019

Possibility of disposal of plastic waste using micromycetes Fusarium solani and Trichoderma lignorum

S.G. Skugoreva, E.A. Gornostaeva, A.A. Burkov, T.I. Kutyavina, K.I. Yuzhanin, L.I. Domracheva, T.Ya. Ashikhmina

Section: Remediation and rehabilitation

The effect of micromycetes (MM) Fusarium solani and Trichoderma lignorum on the biodegradation of plastics (sevilene, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, fluoroplast-4) after 10 years of exposure in an aqueous medium in a closed system was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that destruction was most complete in the case of polyamide, and less intense in the case of sevilen. The cultivation of MM with these polymers led to a significant alkalization of the medium, an increase in the specific electrical conductivity and the concentration of inorganic ions in the aqueous suspension, which is associated with the vital activity of microbial cells. In a suspension of three polymers (polyamide, polystyrene, and polycarbonate) favorable conditions are created for the life of MM, especially for T. lignorum, which may indirectly indicate the possibility of using the products of destruction of these polymers by fungi as nutrients. The maximum values of the content of suspended solids and the minimum coefficient of light transmission in the suspension, which indirectly indicate a greater mass of mycelium, are established for the variants of polyamide, polycarbonate and polystyrene with micromycetes. The maximum content of organic substances in suspensions, determined by the COD index, was noted for samples of sevilene, polystyrene and polyethylene (control and with MM), the minimum – for samples of fluoroplast-4. The proof of the MM viability after 10 years of exposure was the powerful growth of mycelium on the surface of the nutrient medium in all variants during their microbiological inoculation, which indicates that the studied polymers served as a carbon source for fungi for a long time. The results of the study showed that the polymers most utilized by the studied types of ММ were polyamide, polycarbonate and polystyrene. To accelerate the biodegradation of polymers, it is necessary to optimize the conditions, in particular, to carry out the process with the introduction of certain nutrients that accelerate the growth of MM.

Keywords: sevilen, polyamide, polyethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, fluoroplast-4, biodegradation, micromycetes, Fusarium solani, Trichoderma lignorum

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-193-202

Problems of legal regulation of medical waste disposal

E.D. Vetoshkina, E.S. Koshcheeva, M.A. Smirnov

Section: Social ecology

The article is devoted to an urgent problem in the field of environmental safety – legal regulation of medical waste management at the level of federal legislation, as well as trends in the normative consolidation of the medical waste disposal system being created. The selected legislative mechanism for special regulation in the field of medical waste disposal is the most optimal model of legal regulation. Exemption of the specified category from the scope of Federal Law No.89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” of June 24, 1998 contributes to the environmental safety on issues of medical waste disposal. On the other hand, a serious problem of legal regulation has been identified. The result of the study is a recommendation on the need for special legal regulation of the medical waste management system at the level of the law. The normative model of special regulation on the example of the draft law “On conducting experiments on the organization and centralized management of medical and biological waste in the Moscow region and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” is assessed by the authors positively in terms of differentiating the concepts of “medical waste” and “biological waste”, but the idea of introducing a regional operator and the principles of public-private partnership (by analogy with the model of solid waste disposal) is criticized.

Keywords: medical waste, regulation, liability in the field of medical waste circulation, legal regulation model

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-224-229

Technological solutions and experience of industrial processing of liquid acid-alkaline waste

V.А. Brodskiy, А.V. Kolesnikov, Yu.O. Malkova, P.N. Kisilenko, A.V. Perfileva

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

At industrial enterprises, there are remnants of materials and raw materials that were formed during production and lost their initial properties. These materials are commonly referred to as man-made waste. The analysis of waste of hazard classes I and II from the list of Federal Classification Catalog of Waste showed that it is necessary to process such liquid waste as spent acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric), residues of alkaline reagents (potassium and sodium hydroxides), spent solutions for treating metal surfaces (phosphating, oxidation, degreasing, passivation, etching, etc.), spent electrolytes (nickel plating, galvanizing, cadmium, etc.), etc. A characteristic feature of this type of waste is a significant content of toxic ions of heavy metals, petroleum products, an increased salt background. The listed wastes are close to those that are formed in electroplating industries and in the production of inorganic materials. This made it possible to prepare proposals for technological solutions for the integrated processing of liquid waste of hazard classes I and II. The paper presents the data of laboratory studies and industrial tests of the process of purification of acid-base wastewater and waste technological solutions from poorly soluble metal compounds, as well as organic compounds of various nature. The high efficiency of the combined use of the reagent method, electroflotation, membrane filtration and sorption methods for wastewater treatment from metal ions and organic pollutants is shown. The following technological indicators of purification efficiency have been achieved: the efficiency of extraction of metal ions in the form of poorly soluble compounds is 96–99%, the efficiency of extraction of petroleum products, industrial oils and surfactants is more than 90%.

Keywords: waste water, metal ions, petroleum products, reagent treatment, electroflotation, filtration, sorption

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-034-042

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