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The study of bacterial metal leaching process from industrial waste

F.F. Nidzvedskiy, V.A. Snegirev, M.A. Bezmaternykh, M.N. Ivantsova, I.S. Selezneva

Section: Remediation and rehabilitation

The results of a study on the metals extraction from ash and slag waste of thermal power plants (TPP) by the bacterial leaching method are presented. Fly ash from the Troitskaya TPP was the study object. The phase-mineralogical composition of ash and slag from TPPs has been established. The composition includes burnt clay substance, glass phase, quartz, magnetite, and hematite. The mineral and chemical composition of fly ash from this thermal power plant has been determined by X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis which showed the following results, in %: mullite (3Al₂O₃ · 2SiO₂) up to 75, quartz (SiO₂) – 7–8, hematite (Fe₂O₃ up to 65%) – 7–8, magnetite (Fe₃O₄ up to 72%) – 5–7. These data suggested the possibility of silicate destruction by Васillus mucilaginosus. Additionally, ash has sufficient energetic potential for the growth of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Pure bacterial cultures of A. ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thioparus and В. mucilaginosus were isolated by Drygalsky’s method from several native substrates. The composition optimization of the nutrient medium for the cultivation of A. ferrooxidansby Box-Wilson steep ascent method was carried out. Using this nutrient medium, it was possible to increase the A. ferrooxidans biomass yield by 1.5 times. Cell growth was viewed by the change in the protein concentration in the culture liquid by the Lowry method. It was found that the bioleaching of copper occurs to the greatest extent (46.9%) in comparison with zinc and manganese, and in addition, a more complete oxidation of iron occurs under the influence of A. ferrooxidans. Leaching in the same nutrient medium without bacteria was carried out as a control experiment. To determine the concentration of metals in the culture liquid that passed into solution from the ash after leaching, gravimetric and complexometric methods were used. In general, the data obtained indicate the effectiveness and prospects of the metals bioleaching application from the fuel, energy and metallurgical industries wastes. Using bacterial leaching method should help to reduce the negative impact on the ecological state of the region.

Keywords: ash and slag waste, leaching, rare metals, nonferrous metals, thionic bacteria, soil bacteria

Article published in number 4 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-4-188-195

Influence of plants in consortium with microorganisms on agrochemical indicators of oil-contaminated soils

V.I. Lyamzin, I.L. Bukharina, O.V. Zdobyakhina, A.A. Isupova

Section: Remediation and rehabilitation

The article presents the results of laboratory experiment on the study of the effect of biological oil-product destructor, endotrophic fungi (micromycete) and higher plant on agrochemical parameters of oil-contaminated soddy podzolic soil of different soil texture. The bioremediation stage of sandy loam and loamy soddy podzolic soils with an oil content of 5 and 10% was simulated for the experiment. As ameliorants in various combinations were used: biologic “Mikrozim Petro Trit” (Bacillus sp., Atherobacter sp., Nocordia sp., Rhodococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp.) (control when using only a biological oil-product destructor), the plant ameliorant Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and the endotrophic micromycete Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. After the end of the six month laboratory experiment the mass fraction of labile phosphorus in the variant with a 5% level contamination of loamy soddy podzolic soil with oil and the joint application of the oil-destructive biologic product, plant and endotrophic fungi of the genus Fusarium decreased certainly by 1.5 times, labile potassium almost 2 times compared with the control variant. Applying the same set of ameliorants was revealed maximum availability of labile phosphorus for plants and microorganisms and intensive organic matter degradation in comparison with the use only a biological oil-product destructor consisting of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms.
The application of plant in consortium with mocroorganisms led to significant changes in the actual soil acidity, the mass fraction of mobile potassium and phosphorus in comparison with the use of an only biological product on sandy loam soddy podzolic soil with 5 and 10% oil contamination.

Keywords: oil pollution, biological oil-product destructor, bioremediation, endotrophic fungi, biological stage of remediation, agrochemical indicators of soil

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Article published in number 4 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-4-166-171

Electrochemical methods for the determination of ascorbic acid in biologically active additives

A.I. Fokina, E.G. Fominykh, K.I. Yuzhanin

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

One of the negative consequences of the impact of adverse environmental factors on on a humans is the development of oxidative stress in the body, which causes deviations in the state of human health. An important role in the fight against oxidative processes is played by antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (AA). Along with food, biologically active additives (BAA) can be an additional source of AA intake into the body. The correct assessment of the АА content in pharmaceutical preparations helps to solve an important problem of food ecology – the balanced use of vitamin C. Therefore, the development of new and improvement of existing methods of analysis for determining the content of AA in various objects remains an urgent task. The use of instrumental methods for fixing the end point of the titration increases the accuracy of the analysis. Simple and economical electrochemical methods such as potentiometry and coulometry can be used to implement the iodometric titration method. Despite all the advantages of coulometric and potentiometric methods of analysis and their widest distribution in various fields of science and technology, there are no data in the literature on the possibility of implementing the coulometric determination of АА with potentiometric indication and direct potentiometric titration, which are based on the reaction with iodine. As a result of the study, it was found that in the determination of AA by both methods, well-repeated results were obtained (the relative standard deviation does not exceed 2.0%), the dependence of the analytical signal on the sample mass (in the range of 80–120% to standard weight 0,1 or 0,2 g depending on the method) is linear with R not less than 0.99, and the results obtained by the “introduced-found’’ method satisfy the requirement of correctness.

Keywords: ascorbic acid, glucose, rutin, coulometry, potentiometry, determination

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Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-034-040

Resistance of soil micromycetes Trichoderma viride and Alternaria alternata to heavy metals Cu and Pb

E.V. Fedoseeva, A.P. Kiryushina, D.I. Stom, V.A. Terekhova

Section: Ecotoxicology

Heavy metals (HM) in the soil cause changes in the ratio of resistant and susceptible fungal species, the mechanisms of interaction between which are not well understood. The aim of this work is to study the resistance to Cu and Pb cations and the antagonistic properties of two species of soil micromycetes Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma viride. Fungal resistance was assessed by the following test functions: biomass accumulation, colony diameter, and sporulation activity. The antagonistic activity of fungal species was assessed by competition test. The calculated effective concentrations and tolerance indices made it possible to conclude that A. alternata and T. viride are highly resistant to the investigated HMs. At the same time, species differences in the patterns of reactions were found. The growth of A. alternata colonies was inhibited to a greater extent than T. viride, however at the same HM concentration, the stimulation of sporulation in Alternaria was more pronounced than in the rapidly growing Trichoderma. The studied strain T. viride turned out to be quite competitive with respect to the phytopathogenic fungus A. alternata, and its antagonistic properties were well pronounced in the medium with HM. The data obtained can be useful for predicting the phytopathogenic activity of micromycetes against the background of chemical pollution and the dynamics of accumulation of various fungal species under adverse environmental conditions.

Keywords: toxicity, heavy metals, Alternaria, Trichoderma, tolerance, biomass, growth rate, sporulation

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-118-127

Biological contamination of arable land with pig waste

L.V. Pilip, N.V. Syrchina, V.A. Kozvonin, E.P. Kolevatykh, T.Ya. Ashikhmina, A.V. Sazanov

Section: Agroecology

Large industrial pig farms are a source of biological contamination of arable lands located in the immediate vicinity of these enterprises, as a result of the introduction of large volumes of liquid fraction of manure effluents. Utilization of these biogenic wastes is a serious economic and environmental problem for the agro-industrial complex. The work is devoted to the study of the influence of the liquid fraction of pig farm manure effluents on the sanitary condition of arable land according to agrochemical and microbiological studies of soil samples. The study revealed that the regular introduction of pig manure into arable land (for 5 years) led to a significant increase in the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium; there was a pronounced tendency to the accumulation of copper and zinc in the arable horizon of the soil, in addition, high values of the total microbial number, the index of bacteria of the group Escherichia coli, Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens. Salmonella, including pathogenic and thermophilic bacteria, were found in significant quantities. In addition, pig manure effluents are potential sources of ingress into the soil of agricultural land, as well as adjacent territories with saprophytic microorganisms, as well as bacteria of the group E. coli, C. perfringens, Proteus spp., Clostridium spp., Salmonella enteritidis, fungi Alternaria alternate, Botrytia cinerea, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Insufficient attention to environmental monitoring of territories adjacent to livestock enterprises can lead to chemical and biological pollution of the environment by a wide range of pollutants present in manure runoff, and the intensification of the development of the industrial pig industry will accelerate this process.

Keywords: рig manure effluents, microorganisms, industrial pig farms, biological soil contamination, heavy metals, pig manure management

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-199-205

Сomparative evaluation of the prospects of using sulfide-conducting solid electrolytes in the composition of sensors for hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide

E.V. Kosheleva, L.A. Kalinina , Yu.N. Ushakova, B.A. Ananchenko

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

The article presents a comparative evaluation of the prospects for using sulfur-conducting solid electrolytes CaY₂S₄ and CaYb₂S₄ doped with ytterbium sesquisulfide (Yb₂S₃ ) as part of solid electrolyte sensors of sulfur-containing gases (hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide). The relationship between the magnitude of the sensor signal and the electrode reactions at the working electrode is considered, taking into account the partial pressures over its components, and the nature of the signals during the detection of H₂S and SO 2 is substantiated. The intervals of gas concentrations that fall into the group of linear signs depending on the content of the detected gas are determined. It has been suggested that the reason for the low sensitivity of the sensors in the range of PS < 10^-10 atm is a kinetic nature. As a result of the study, it was found that when detecting a gas containing hydrogen sulfide, the limiting stage is the reaction of adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on the surface of the working electrode (reaction of the first order), and when determining the content of sulfur dioxide, the limiting rate reaction is the desorption reaction of a by-product – oxygen (reaction of the second order). It was carried out a kinetic study of the relationship between the sensitivity of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide sensors and outlined the sensitivity path of performance sensors. It was found that for the detection of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, it is more promising to use the sulfur-conducting solid electrolyte CaY₂S₄ – x mol.% Yb₂S₃, where х is 0 to 16 mol.%, the sensor sensitivity is an order of magnitude higher than the use of solid electrolyte CaYb₂S₄ – x mol.% Yb₂S₃, where х is 0 to 12 mol.%.

Keywords: solid state electrochemical sensor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur-containing gases, sulfide- conducting solid electrolytes, calcium thioitrate, calcium thioytterbiate, ytterbium sulfide

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-041-048

Rare species of plants and fungi in the “Koigorodskiy” National Park (Komi Republic, Russia)

S.V. Degteva, Yu.A. Dubrovskiy, M.V. Dulin, G.V. Zheleznova, V.A. Kanev, D.V. Kirillov, D.A. Kosolapov, D.I. Kudreavtzeva, M.A. Palamarchuk, T.N. Pystina, N.A. Semenova, T.P. Shubina

Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas

The importance of the “Koigorodskiy” National Park (Komi Republic) for conservation of protected plants and fungi key habitats is demonstrated for the first time. By now, we registered here 367 occurrences of 32 rare species of plants and fungi, included in the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic. Among them, 11 taxons of plants (7 species of vascular plants and 4 species of bryophytes), and 21 taxons of fungi (9 species of fungi, 11 species of lichens and 1 species of lichenicolous fungi) were found. Three species of vascular plants and nine taxons of lichens require monitoring of their nature populations and are included in the Appendix 1 to the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic. Our results confirm the priority of the Koigorodskiy National Park for conservation of biological diversity

Keywords: biodiversity, bryophytes, fungi, key habitats, lichens, nature protected areas, vascular plants

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Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-049-057

Photoprotection properties of terpenophenols in polylactide against UVC radiation

V.A. Belyy, I.M. Kuzivanov, I.V. Fedorova, E.U. Ipatova, I.Yu. Chukicheva, A.V. Kuchin

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

Polylactide is one of the most environmentally friendly polymers to replace fossil-based materials. In this work we quantitatively evaluated the effectiveness of new photostabilizers in preventing the photodegradation of polylactide under UVC radiation by using the spectrometric criteria calculated from FTIR spectra. We have proposed a method including a treatment of the samples of polylactide mixed with the photostabilizers by the UV radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm for 4 hours followed by the calculation of the effectiveness of the photostabilizer based on the FTIR spectrometric data. The number of terminal hydroxyl groups increased during photodegradation due to the cleavage of ester bonds in the polymer, this caused the increase of the absorption at 3600–3100 cm -1 in the FTIR spectra. Several photostabilizers of the terpenophenol class were studied, namely 4-methyl-2,6-diisobornylphenol, 2-isobornylphenol, 2-isobornyl-4-methylphenol and 2-isobornyl-6-methylphenol, as well as bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate – the well-known hindered amine light stabilizer. The mass concentrations of these photostabilizers varied from 0.05 to 1.00%. The best protection effect from the UVC radiation in regard to polylactide was shown by 4-methyl-2,6-diisobornylphenol at the concentration of 0.05% by weight. Its photoprotective activity was almost 2 times higher than that of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate of the same concentration. The high photoprotecting activity of 4-methyl-2,6-diisobornylphenol was due to the increased stability of the phenoxy radical provided by bulky isobornyl substituents in the aromatic ring. In the opposite, the strong photosensitizing effect accelerating the photodegradation of polylactide was manifested by 1% concentrations of 2-isobornyl-4-methylphenol and 2-isobornyl-6-methylphenol. In this case, the delocalization of the unpaired electron in the conjugation chain with the formation of many resonance forms contributed to the transfer of the radical to polylactide macromolecules. The protection of polylactide from UVC radiation opens up prospects for expanding the areas of application of polylactide, a polymer synthesized from renewable raw materials.

Keywords: renewable raw materials, polylactide, photoprotectors, infrared spectrometry

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-026-033

Ecological and demographic characteristics of Cypripedium calceolus L. coenopopulations in the Kirov region

N.Y. Egorova, V.N. Suleymanova, E.V. Ryabova

Section: Population ecology

The results of studying the ecological and demographic parameters of 10 cenopopulations (CP) of Cypripedium calceolus L. in the subzone of the southern taiga in the Kirov region (Slobodskoy, Afanasievsky, Lebyazhsky districts) are presented. In habitats with C. calceolus, the main background of plant groupings is formed by representatives of boreal and non-morale ecological-cenotic groups. The limiting factors affecting the spread of the species are the illumination and acidity of the soil. The generative-oriented type of the ontogenetic spectrum is predominant. According to the “delta–omega” classification, the studied CPs are represented by aging and transitional types. According to the vital state, most CPs are thriving, with the exception of CP 5, 7. A comprehensive assessment of the state of C. calceolus showed that the populations are in a state “close to threatened” or “dependent on conservation”.

Keywords: Cypripedium calceolus L., ценопопуляция, демографическая характеристика, онтогенетический спектр, эколого-ценотическая группа, Кировская область

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-166-174

Сhemical land degradation under the influence of animal husbandry waste

N.V. Syrchina, L.V. Pilip, T.Ya. Ashikhmina

Section: Agroecology

Systematic introduction of significant volumes of liquid fraction (LF) of manure effluents into arable land leads to a significant transformation of the physical and chemical properties of agrozems. Under the influence of LF, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus (up to 980–1170 mg/kg), exchangeable potassium (up to 860 mg/kg), and organic matter in the arable horizon significantly increases, and acidity decreases. The LF of manure effluents of cattle contributes to a more pronounced increase рН_КСl and a more intensive accumulation of organic matter than the LF of pig manure effluents, which may be due to the different chemical composition of manure. Cattle manure contains more Cа and Mg, which lower the pH, as well as lignin and fiber, leading to the accumulation of humus in the soil. The concentration of all studied heavy metals (HM) in arable land did not exceed the values typical for agrozems of the Kirov region. The content of gross and mobile forms Cu, Cd, Pb in the surveyed agro-ecosystems turned out to be higher than in the background territories. The amount of HM in corn stalks did not exceed the usual content of these elements in plants of uncontaminated territories. The accumulation indices of all studied HM, except Cu, were significantly higher when growing plants on acidic soils. A possible reason for the increased bioavailability of Cu for plants in neutral soils may be the formation of soluble chelate complexes. To prevent environmental pollution in the area of livestock complexes, it is necessary to improve the existing system of animal waste disposal and introduce technologies that allow waste to be transported over long distances.

Keywords: manure runoff, soil pollution, heavy metals, accumulation index, degradation of agrozem

Article published in number 3 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-219-225

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