Reducing the environmental threat of motor vehiclesby converting engines for operating on natural gas
V. Romanyuk, V. A. Likhanov, O. P. Lopatin
Section: Research methods. Models and projects
The article explains the necessity of using natural gas (NG) for motor vehicle diesel engines, which makes it possible
to reduce their environmental threat and to save motor oil fuel. The composition of the NG used and its physic-chemical
properties are presented in the article. In order to determine and to optimize the amount of the NG supplied for motor
diesel engines, the authors of the article have tested them on the electro-brake testing bench SAK-N670, which has a
balanced pendulum and the weighing machine “Rapido”. At the same time, the toxicity level of the exhaust gases (EG)
was determined using an automatic gas analysis system “ASGA-T”, and the smoke intensity of the exhaust gas was
estimated using an optical-electric reflectometer “Bosch EFAW-68A”. It has been experimentally established that for
the NG using in the tested motor vehicles diesel engines, it is necessary to maintain the following ratio of components:
gas should be 80%, diesel fuel filling should be 20%. When converting diesel engine 4F 11.0/2.5 installed on trucks
and tractors of urban public utilities to NG, and while the simultaneous use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in it at a
rate of 20% (EGR is applied to eliminate the increased nitrogen oxides as a result of using NG), the content of nitrogen
oxides (NO
x
) in EG is reduced by 30.0–30.1%, carbon soot is reduced by 82.0–88.7%; carbon dioxide (CO
2
) is decreased
by 31.6–35.6%. When converting a diesel engine 4FC 11.0/12.5 installed on city passenger buses to NG, in the EG a
decrease in NO
x
content by 5.5–35.1% occurs; carbon soot decreases by 88.2–92.0%; carbon monoxide (CO) decreases
by up to 21.6%. The conversion of these motor diesel engines to work on NG, in addition to improving the environmental
performance of their EG indicators, also helps to save oil motor fuel in the amount of 80%.
Keywords: natural gas, exhaust gases, diesel, ecology of city
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-027-032
Views: 29
Military activity influence on some metals content in the Saur-Mogila soil, Donbas
A. S. Alemasova, Y. I. Penkova, A. S. Pivovarova, R. V. Ostapenko
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
Soil samples were collected from funnels after artillery shelling (summer 2014) on burial mound Saur-Mogila
(Donbas, Ukraine) as well as from urban garden soil near motorway in the Donetsk central district in order to determine
the concentration of 11 toxic metals total content, acid-soluble forms and mobile forms. The concentrations of toxic met
-
als Cd, Pb, Sr, Mo, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Ga, Mn, Tl were compared with maximum permitted concentration and background
level. The results quality was controlled by standard addition method. The mean concentrations of Cd (2 samples) and
Co (one sample) exceeded the guidelines while the other metals did not exceed. The level of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd total
and mobile forms in funnels soils was 2–7 times lower than in polluted urban garden soil. The sources of toxic metals in
Donetsk garden soil may be from traffic and industrial emission. The total pollution index (Z
c
) is much lower than the
“permissible” category. The index of metals mobility (S
n
) indicates their insignificant mobility with the exception of lead
acid-soluble forms. The obtained results testify to the need for further systematic monitoring of the soils of battlefield in
Donbas. These results refuted the hypothesis as for soil toxic metals content influence on observable state of vegetation
in “Donetskiy Kryazh” landscape park near Saur-Mogila burial mound.
Keywords: toxic metals, total content, mobile forms, soils, funnels from artillery shelling, urban lawn soil
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-033-039
Views: 23
Comparative analysis of artesian water quality
T. N. Ashurbekova, N. G. Isaeva, A. N. Murzaeva, E. M. Musinova, Z. G. Gadzhimusaeva, R. А. Abduragimov
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
Water quality is an essential part of a human life. The availability of high-quality drinking water is one of the main
issues in Russia. One of the most important directions of economic and social development of the Chechen Republic
is to provide the population with clean drinking water. The paper presents the results of research of drinking water
quality in artesian wells in the Chechen Republic. Artesian well water in stanitsa of Chervlyonnaya in Shelkovskoy
District, stanitsa of Naurskaya in Naursky District and stanitsa of Petropavlovskaya in Groznensky District of the
Chechen Republic contains heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). The presence of heavy
metals in the above-mentioned artesian wells can be attributed to the geological structure of the territory of the Chechen
Republic situated on the rocks of Jurassic and Paleogene age. As confirmed by measurements, samples of water were
found to have cadmium levels above the maximum permissible concentration (water taken from wells in stanitsa of
Chervlyonnaya – 5 times, stanitsa of Naurskaya – 7 times and stanitsa of Petropavlovskaya – 9 times). The content
of lead in all the samples exceeded the MPC by 4–5 times. The samples also contained arsenic at levels that exceeded
the maximum permissible concentration by 4.8 times in stanitsa of Chervlyonnaya, by 1.5 times in stanitsa of Naurskaya and by 6.2 times in stanitsa of Petropavlovskaya. Arsenic, lead and cadmium are toxic elements and long-term
exposure to them is known to cause cancer. Multi-year studies of public health in the Chechen Republic show increase
of cancer rates among the population.
Keywords: artesian water, heavy metals, lead, cadmium, arsenic, maximum permissible concentration, oncologic diseases
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-040-047
Views: 33
Development of plankton communities in the anthropogenic hydrothermal conditions
N. A. Tashlykova, E. Yu. Afonina
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
An electric power plant induced increase in water temperature substantially affects aqueous medium. Any hydraulic
facility zones to be artificially heated and used by power plants may be considered as peculiar “anthropogenic hydrothermal
systems”. Interrelation properties of specific abiotic and biotic parameters of such extreme ecosystems shall be studied at large
for understanding hydraulic facility ecosystem biological efficiency and trophic status alteration factors. This paper applies
to analysis of relations between hydrothermal zone environment factors and basic characteristics of the plankton population
in the Kharanorskaya State District Power Station (Trans-Baikal Territory) cooling reservoir. The population of planktonic
animals and plants were studied at a thermal zone of the cooling reservoir by using standard hydrobiologic methods for the
period of February to October, 2013. Hydrochemical samples were processed at the industrial sanitary laboratory of INTER
RAO-Electroenergy JSC, Kharanorskaya SDPS branch using common techniques. It was found that phytoplankton contained
40 taxonomic groups of algae and 25 invertebrate species of animal plankton. Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Crysophyta
dominated in algocenosis amounted to 80% of the total taxonomic groups. As for Rotifera, it dominated in animal plankton
cenosis amounted to 40% of the total species. It is demonstrated that the dominated complex varies seasonally. Quantity of
phytoplankton and animal plankton has been specified. The algal species diversity has drastically reduced and quality of inver
-
tebrate animals has fallen down within the period when water was maximally warmed up since temperature values jumped up
and oxygen content come down. With some aquatic organisms (i.e. algae and invertebrate animals) taken as an example, it was
found that the offset and extension of organism growth periods induce a primary reaction to particular thermal load increase
factors. Inverse temperature correlation was identified at surface and natural water layers to have specific abiotic parameters
in relation to clear water and nitrate levels in water. As provided by biotic plankton sampling statistical data, it was found that
temperature, cation and anion water composition, as well as suspended solid concentration are the main factors that affect
growth of organisms in the anthropogenic water reservoir of the hydraulic facilities.
Keywords: phytoplankton, zooplankton, abundance, biomass, anthropogenic hydrothermal, principal component analysis, cooling reservoir of Kharanorskaya electric power station
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-048-054
Views: 19
Migration of pollutants and contamination of groundwater when mining iron ore
Yu. A. Babushkina, N. N. Nazarenko
Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas
The article considers the problem of migration of chemical pollutants into the aquatic environment of iron ore mining
area on the example of JSC “Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye Ore-dressing Production Association” (Kazakhstan). The materi
-
als of the study where samples of groundwater selected at the plant for the extraction of magnetite ore, on the border of
the sanitary protection zone and beyond. Sampling of water was carried out in accordance with Russian State Standard
GOST 31861-2012 in the period 2012–2016 years.
Analysis of samples was carried out by an accredited laboratory on such factors as pH, dry matter, suspended mat
-
ter, calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia nitrogen, total iron,
oil, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese and boron.
The results shows that the magnitude of the concentration of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, dryness, nitrites, ammonia
nitrogen, boron, manganese in underground water directly in the production area exceed their maximum permissible values.
The critical points of impurities were identified such as a lower sump of quarry, upper sump pit and drainage ditch
with the highest rates of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, dryness, nitrites, ammonia nitrogen, boron, calcium, magnesium
and bicarbonates.
The main trends of groundwater pollution in the area of the location of the iron ore mining enterprise are revealed.
For the vast majority of pollutants, sharp annual fluctuations of indicators are not observed, the level of pollution is stable,
and there is no tendency to reduce the level of groundwater pollution.
At the same time, no excess of pollutants was detected outside the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise. This
indicates that migration of pollutants beyond the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise is not observed
Keywords: migration of chemical pollutants, mining enterprise, iron ore, technogenic pollution, groundwater
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-055-061
Views: 16
Ecology and structure of Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae) coenopopulations in the Northern Urals
I. A. Kirillova, S. V. Degteva, Y. A. Dubrovskiy, A. B. Novakovskiy
Section: Population ecology
Data on ecology, phytocoenological preferences and population structure of the species
Goodyera repens
(L.)
R. Br. of Orchidacea family in the Northern Urals are considered. Investigations were carried out during 2000–2016
in the three protected areas: Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve, Un’insky complex sanctuary and Yugyd Va national park.
23 coenopopulations were studied. 72 releves with
G. repens
were used to study phytocoenotical preferences and eco
-
logical parameters of the species. The species has wide phytocoenotical range establishing various forest formations
and forest types – green moss, herb and sphagnum, being more often in the communities of association
Piceetum
myrtilloso-hylocomiosum
. The species establishes mainly ecotopes with medium humidity and weakly acid poor soils,
and refers to the semi-shadow group of plants according to Ellenberg’s scale. The studied coenopopulations are small
and full up to 500 individual shoots. Spatial structure of
G. repens
coenopopulations was determined by occurrence of
well-developed isolated clusters resulted from prevailing vegetative reproduction of the model species. In the Komi
Republic, such clusters ranging from 1 to 3–6 m
2
size consist of several tens or hundreds of individual plants with
an average density from 9 to 224 shoots per m
2
. All the coenopopulations under study were full and their ontogenetic
spectra were similar with the prevalence of immature or adult vegetative shoots. Average ontogenetic spectrum of all
the coenopopulations under study was as follows: juvenile shoots – 8.7%, immature – 39.8%, adult vegetative – 37.7%,
generative – 13.8%. It corresponds to the basic spectrum of the species that is the evidence of the stable population’s
state. We suggest that
G. repens
is well adapted to the Northern Urals where there are many suitable ecotopes in the
large arrays of intact forests.
Keywords: Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br., orchids, coenopopulation structure, the Northern Urals
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-062-068
Views: 24
Anthropogenic adaptation of reproductive biology of conditional-synanthropic birds
L. Kuchar, Е. S. Ivanov, А. V. Baranovskiy, D. V. Vinogradov, Ja. Leśny, А.V. Schur
Section: Population ecology
The article is devoted to studying mechanisms of synanthropization and ecological segregation of birds in an
-
thropogenic landscapes. The paper presents data on the adaptability of the anthropogenic specifics of nesting behavior
of the spotted flycatcher, a conditional-synanthropic bird species. This species is generally liable synanthropization,
however, it does not occur in the most urbanized parts of the cities, preferring moderately modified habitats. It is shown
that anthropogenic landscape contributes to the formation of new forms of birds’ behavior, which are a response to the
environment. But not all of these forms are adaptive and some are peculiar ecological traps. Such peculiarities of behavior
do not increase, but even decrease the reproductive success of birds, which is not always easy to establish, because as a
whole the results of the synanthropic population breeding may be higher than in the wild, due to different intensity of
the influence of the limiting factors of the environment.
Data on the analysis of nesting and reproductive success of wild and synanthropic populations are presented.
It is pointed out that the spotted flycatcher has specific main reproductive parameters in the anthropogenic landscape,
which is the result of the reaction of birds to the features of synanthropic ecosystems and the unequal effect of the same
environmental factors on them in natural and anthropogenic biocenoses. It manifests itself primarily in changing the
time of the reproductive period and the widespread use of anthropogenic bases for nests fastening. There is also a higher
reproductive success in the anthropogenic landscape, which we associate with more favorable microclimate and the ratio
of specialized and non-specialized predators (prevalence of the latter), different than in nature.
Keywords: adaptation, birds’ segregation, ecosysems, nesting, ecology, spotted flycatcher, population
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-069-077
Views: 16
Specific character of soil “blooming” in agricultural and urbanized territories
L. V. Kondakova, L. I. Domracheva, I. A. Kondakova
Section: Population ecology
Specious content and quantity characteristics of microorganiams which lead to soil “blooming” in natural, anthro
-
pogenic, and urbanized ecosystems are shown in the article. In natural ecosystems algae and cyanobacteria communities
develop in gradual succession stages, from unicellular green algae and Xanthophyta, filamentous green algae and non-
heterocyst cyanobacteria to heterocyst cyanobacteria. Agricultural soil “blooming” has some peculiarities, irrespective
of the place, season, soil type, dominating groupings. Among the “blooming” dominants cyanobacteria and green algae
of the geni
Cylindrospermum, Nostoc, Anabaena, Klebsormidium
etc prevail. In agro-coenoses there is a direct connection
between doses and terms of fertilizer treatment and the stage of development of the surface growth. Urban soils suffer
from more intensive and diverse impact, as compared with agricultural and natural ecosystems soils. The specious content
of phototrphs shows that in late summer surface biofilms represent many-species communities with different species of
cyanobacteria and diatoms dominating. Cell density in “blooming” films is very high, it varies from 18 to 47 million cells
per cm
2
. Various city pollutants provide diversity of phototrophic groups.
Keywords: Specific character of soil “blooming” in agricultural and urbanized territories
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-078-085
Views: 17
Biodegradation of vegetable waste and obtaining fruit bodies in cultivation of Hericium erinaceus
A. А. Shirokikh, Yu. A. Zlobina, I. G. Shirokikh
Section: Agroecology
Development of technologies for biodegradation of plant wastes in order to obtain new useful products can not only
reduce pollution of the environment, but also provide a raw material base for biotechnology. The possibility of using the
basilial xylotrophic fungus
Hericium
erinaceus
as a destructor of plant wastes with simultaneous production of economically
valuable secondary products was studied. As a nutrient substrate for the production of fruiting bodies of the fungus, mixtures
of straw, oak sawdust and oat grain were used in various proportions. The productivity of the raw compacted substrate was
calculated as the ratio of the mass of fruiting bodies of fungi obtained from one vessel to the initial mass of the substrate.
The intensity of decomposition of the substrate was judged by the decrease in its biomass during the period of cultivation of
the fungus. It is shown that in order to achieve a high degree of biodegradation of cellulose and lignin-containing waste and
to obtain the maximum harvest of fungi, it is necessary to include a readily hydrolysable grain component in an amount of
not less than 30% by volume in the nutrient substrate. By varying the concentration of the grain, it is possible to regulate
the growth rate of the mycelium, the yield of the fruiting bodies and the degree of biodegradation of the substrate.
Keywords: Hericium erinaceus , lignocellulosic waste, artificial cultivation, nutrient substrate, yield of fruit bodies, productivity of substrate, degree of decomposition
Article published in number 3 for 2018 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2018-3-086-092
Views: 17
Method for processing lignin-containing wastes from the paper industry to produce sorbents for wastewater treatmen
Y. I. Vaysman, I. S. Glushankova, E. S. Shirinkina, S. F. Davletova
Section: Ecologization of industry
Pulp and paper mill requires large amount of resources and energy. Technological processes of pulp and paper
mill are associated with high water consumption (10–20 m
3
per ton of final product) and high consumption of wood
raw materials and electricity (1080–1100 kg of raw materials and 300–350 kWh of electricity per ton of final product).
The most environmentally hazardous objects in pulp and paper mills are cellulose production, which is followed by
the formation of liquid waste – waste liquors containing lignosulfonates, the treatment of lignosulfonates is a compli
-
cated technological problem. Lignosulfonates are practically not subjected to biological degradation and the extraction
of liquor together with industrial wastewater into biological treatment facilities leads to a significant reduction in the
efficiency of water purification and increase contamination of hydrosphere objects. Despite the possibility of using liquid
lignosulfonates as surfactants, reagents for the preparation of drilling muds, a binder in the production of wood chipboards, fiberboards, the scale of their use is limited due to the volatility of the composition and structure of the waste. The
disposal of waste at landfill sites leads to long negative impacts on environmental objects, incineration of waste will be
followed by emissions of toxic substances and it would be necessary to use expensive waste gas purification technologies.
One of the directions of lignosulfonates treatment is their thermal destruction with the production of carbon sor
-
bents, which allows not only treating waste, but also obtaining cheap sorption materials for wastewater and gas emissions
treatment.
The paper presents the results of thermochemical pyrolysis process researches of lignosulfonates formed during the
production of cellulose from birch chips, the results of obtaining carbon sorbents, determining the main factors affecting
the yield of the sorbent, its physicochemical and sorption properties: the pyrolysis temperature, the processing time, the
ratio of lignosulfonate: hydroxide potassium. Determination of the sorbents porous structure parameters and the specific
surface was carried out on the basis of an analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms at a temperature of 77 K (-196
о
C)
obtained from the Quantum Hydrocarbon Analyzer NOVA 1200e and calculated using the metod BET (Brunauer, Em
-
mett and Teller) of the polymolecular adsorption theory and the Dubinin-Radushkevich eq
ISSN 1995-4301
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