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Checkout of methods for isolation and preparation of basidiomycete cultures for mycorrhization of soil

N.V. Bogacheva, N.V. Pozolotina, N.P. Savinykh, I.A. Konovalova

Section: Research methods. Models and projects

Cultivation of coniferous seedlings in artificial conditions is a promising direction for solving the problem of reforestation. One of the best agrotechnical methods for adapting plants to artificial conditions is mycorrhization of the soil. The formation of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiosis of the mycelium of the fungus and the roots of a higher plant, leads to an improvement in the physiological and biochemical state of plants, which contributes to their survival and growth. Objective of the work is working out methods of selection and preparation of culture of basidiomycetes for mycorrhization of soil. In the process of work, isolation and cultural-morphological assessment of mycelium from Tricholoma equestre, Lactarius rufus, Suillus bovinus basidiomycetes was performed . The homogenization regimes of the isolated fungal mycelium were worked out, which planned to cultivate the soil when growing seedlings of conifers in artificial conditions. The optimal mode was 8000 rpm for 2 min, which led to a significant increase in the content of viable mushroom mycelium in the suspension. The optimal range of content of mycelia suspensions of the studied fungi in beer wort for application to the soil was determined experimentally as 101 to 104 of viable propagules per 1 g of soil.

Keywords: allocation of the mycelium, mycorrhization of soil, seedlings of coniferous trees

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-046-051

Monitoring of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects in the province of Vyatka-Kama Upland

M.G. Dvornikov, V.V. Shiryaev, V.G. Safonov, D.P. Strelnikov

Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas

The review summarizes the results of thirty years stationary studies of zonal natural and anthropogenically disturbed biogeocenoses (BGC) based on natural ecosystems and their components in the province of Vyatka-Kama Upland. The combination in the hierarchical series of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic objects is the chorological basis of environmental monitoring. The analysis of the structure of regional ecosystems and the use of biological resources in changing climatic and anthropogenic conditions is carried out. Due to the identified parameters of the structural and functional organization of the BGC and their capacity, the trend for the conversion of taiga into mixed and rejuvenated forests has been established (in numerical values). The conversion process is accompanied by an increase in calcium to the south of the region and confirms changes in the biogeochemical cycle of the taiga type, which entails a decrease in the ability to restore and maintain the natural amount of water in the Kama basin and its aggregations and the climate as a whole. At the same time, the emergence, dynamic functioning of the BGC and the forecast for their development opens up attractive innovative and investment prospects for effective environmental management and development of the region.

Keywords: natural and anthropogenic objects, biological productivity, forecasting of ecological risks and safety

Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-091-096

Ecological and toxicological assessment of bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil

I.A. Degtyareva, T.Yu. Motina, E.V. Babynin, A.M. Ezhkova, A.Ya. Davletshina

Section: Remediation and rehabilitation

The combined use of a consortium of microorganisms-destructors and sorbent in native and nanoscale form allows to ensure the rate of destruction of oil pollution at a higher level compared to the use of each component separately. Bentonite and nanobenthos not only adsorb hydrocarbons, and are a source of mineral nutrition for autochthonous microflora, improving the soil structure. Nanoantenna at least in 10 times the dose of making contributes to the efficiency of purification of polluted soil in comparison with bentonite in native form. Included in the consortium microorganisms-destructors (Achromobacter insolitus, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas stutzeri) are actively integrated into the natural population, adapt and begin to effectively decompose hydrocarbons, using them as food and energy.

Keywords: soil, bioremediation, oil, microorganisms, sorbents

Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-196-202

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (Lycopodiaceae) in the Komi Republic (Russian Federation)

L. V. Teteryuk, Yu. A. Bobrov, B. Yu. Teteryuk, T. I. Marchenko-Vagapova, Yu.V. Golubeva, V. A. Kanev, S. N. Plyusnin

Section: Population ecology

Lycopodiella inundata expands its areal on the European North-East of Russia. In the subzone of the middle taiga of the Komi Republic in 2017-2018, four local populations of this species were found, associated with anthropogenic ecotopes, poor and acidic sands, or peat, varying in moisture regime. Obligatory satellites of L. inundata in plant communities are Drosera rotundifolia L. and Juncus filiformis L., mosses of the genera Sphagnum L. and Polytrichum Hedw. Its local populations are small, beyond protection areas of the Komi Republic and so are endangered. The life-form of the Lycopodiella inundata sporophyte is a spore variance of perennial plant with annual shoot system. This species prefers vegetative multiplication through natural winter morphological disintegration. For determine the population in the beginning of shoots growth, ramets are recommended to be counted. The paleo-geographic analysis makes it possible to exclude the relic nature of the present locations of L. inundata in the European North and allows one to classify the species as an allochthonous element of the flora. In view of the fact that the species is rare and tends to decrease its habitats worldwide, we included L. inundata into new edition of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic with protection status category 3 (Rare). All habitation places of the species are out of specially protected areas of the republic and so are threatened. Limiting factors for this stenotopic species in the Komi Republic are its narrow ecological amplitude, low competitiveness, instability to violations of the hydrological regime (bogging or draining) and overgrowth of biotopes due to natural succession processes.

Keywords: Lycopodiella inundata, North-East of the European part of Russia, the Komi Republic, flora, rare protected species

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-111-118

Research and environmental assessment of complex yard compost

L.V. Boitsova, K.G. Moiseev, V.N. Pishchik, E.G. Zinchuk, Yu.V. Khomyakov

Section: Agroecology

The problem of environmentally safe disposal of a large amount of leaf litter generated every year in urban parks and squares is relevant. In this regard, the assessment of the toxicity of complex yard compost on the basis of leaf litter, as well as ground with addition of yard compost. In this paper, three types of substrates were studied: complex yard compost, soil-ground and native soil. Yard compost by 50% consisted of leaf litter. The soil-ground consisted of 40% of composting products of yard compost, 25% of soil-forming rock (sandy), 20% of greenhouse recoil, which included peat, 15% of building sand. The native soil (urban soil) was studied as a control. Soil toxicity control was carried out by chemical and biological methods (a bioindication, and a bioassay). The species diversity and abundance of the mesofauna in the studied substrates was studied. An increase in the number of representatives of Julida sp. and Geophilomorpha in complex compost, compared with native soil was found. The abundance of Eisenia fetida in the compost was 40 pieces per m2 in native soil; this species was not found. The number of Eiseniella tetraedra is not large and amounted to 7-12 pieces per m2 in compost, but exceeded their number in native soil by 3-4 times. Cucumis sativus, Solanum lycopersicum, Raphanus sativus, Lepidium sativum were selected as test objects. A phytotest was performed on seed germination of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. The species diversity of pathogenic fungi has been analyzed. The inhibition of seed germination in the studied substrates was noted. Chemical analysis showed that the concentration of Cd in the studied substrates exceeds approximately the permissible concentration by 7-10 times, Cu and Pb by 2-4 times. Hg was not found in these substrates. The studied complex compost is not recommended to grow vegetables without taking measures to reduce the overall toxicity. Compost and soil - ground on its basis can be used as a substrate for lawn and cultivation of ornamental crops.

Keywords: toxicity, complex compost, soil, bioindication, bioassay

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-133-139

Ecological aspects of the immune system of reptiles

E.B. Romanova, E.I. Solomaykin

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

We systematized the literature data on of reptile immune system and provided our own research on the immunohematological characteristics of venomous and non-venomous snakes at that review. The reptiles’ lymphomyeloid complex is characterized by heterogeneity. The protection against to a wide range of habitat antigens is provided by two forms of immune response: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity in comparison with adaptive responses responds more quickly and effectively. Protection against infections is represented by antimicrobial peptides, the complement system, a set of nonspecific leukocytes, and the formation of an inflammatory reaction, with a set of cytokine-like components. The mechanisms of adaptive immunity are cellular and humoral factors actions. The reptiles have is a weakened reaction of transplant rejection. Humoral immune responses are carried out by B-lymphocytes. Reptiles have immunoglobulins, which structure and whom functions are discussed in that paper. The switching features of intracellular synthesis of immunoglobulins from one isotype to another. It was shown that the immune protection strategy is determined not only by the ontogenetic features of reptiles, but also by the input, size, and duration of exposure to antigens, by the range of external temperatures, by seasonality. The patterns of the immune response of venomous and non-venomous snakes to a complex of environmental factors were revealed. For the first time an immunohematological approach has been used to assess the status of the population of Elaphe dione in nature reserve. Biotopic and interspecific variability was found in the mechanisms of formation of the adaptive response at the population level.

Keywords: reptiles, immune system, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immunohematological approach

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-015-022

Metal and metalloid contents in lichens from specially protected conservation areas

А.F. Meysurova, A.A. Notov

Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects

The aim of this work is to evaluate the heavy metal and metalloids contents in indicator lichens inside two nature reserves situated within the Tver region that has a complex infrastructure and large number of industrial zones. Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectral analysis is used to test for the gross and average ratio of 17 metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Ti, V, Zn) in Hypogymnia physodes lichen samples. The average content of the most elements identified in samples from Zavidovo National Park (ZNP) is higher than in the samples from Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (CFSNBR). There are such metals as titanium, copper, arsenic, cobalt, molybdenum, and tin among them. Differences are the result of different levels and regimens of air moisture saturation, localization of working production plants, degree of anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Spatial distribution of areas with much higher metal concentrations on reserve territory is resulted apparently from variation in air humidity to large extent. In ZNP addiction between qualitative and quantitative metal impact is defined more clearly by level and character of artificial territory transformation. Moreover, in ZNP wide marshy and forest areas in valley on the Lob’ river were identified, which have conservation importance as they are characterized by lack or very low concentrations of many metals. So it would be useful to take advantage while zoning and correction of regimes.

Keywords: ICP-AES method, biomonitoring, heavy metals, epiphytic lichens, baseline monitoring, pollution, conservation area

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-058-065

Sorption interaction of gold and its pathfinder elements with humic acids of peat-podzolic soils

V.A. Korshunova, E.D. Lodygin, M.V. Charykova, S.N. Chukov

Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects

The aim of research is experimental modeling of gold, arsenic, copper, and lead ions interaction with humic acids. Importance of that study and choice of study subjects is coused by poor knowledge of the characteristics of the sorption interaction of these ions with humic acids. Arsenic, copper, and lead are, on the one hand, common pollutants accumulated in soils under anthropogenic impact, and on the other hand – pathfinder elements for gold deposits, which are used as indicators of gold mineralization in geochemical survey. The experiment was carried out in the range of heavy metals concentrations from 5 to 100 µg/cm3 in solution and at temperature of 298 K. The equilibrium concentrations of the elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The experimental adsorption isotherms are described with the empirical Freundlich equation and the Langmuir monomolecular adsorption model. It was shown that the Langmuir model adequately describes the adsorption isotherms of Cu2+ and Pb2+ cations in the used concentration range. The sorption equilibrium constant and the limit adsorption were calculated for these elements. The sorption of arsenic is better described with the Freundich equation. Apparently, it is characterized by complex character of sorption interactions associated with a possible polymolecular adsorption mechanism, as well as with the change of form of arsenic in solution. A simulation experiment of influence of iron(III) ions onto the sorption of gold ions was conducted, which is important for determination of gold’s migration forms in soils with presence of iron oxides and hydroxides. It was shown that the increase of iron concentration had almost no effect on the amount of sorbed gold ions in the studied concentration range.

Keywords: sorption, humic acids, arsenic, gold, copper, lead

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-066-071

Urban protected areas in green infrastructure of Khabarovsk City

I.D. Debelaya, G.Yu. Morozova

Section: Social ecology

Urban specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) are an important element of the city’s green infrastructure, which is being formed to support its sustainable development. The aim of the work is to identify the main trends in the functioning of the SPNAs in Khabarovsk. Geobotanic, forest taxation, statistical, cartographic research methods are used. Using the example of the oldest city park, Dynamo, an assessment of ecosystem services was carried out. The total area of SPNAs is 1.5 % of the Khabarovsk area. The system of Khabarovsk SPNAs includes 28 objects of regional and local importance, which are differentiated into 7 categories: natural monuments of regional and local importance, park areas, recreational areas, protected natural objects, squares and natural and recreational complexes. The development of SPNAs in Khabarovsk is influenced by the rapid pace of urbanization, the overall unfavorable environmental situation, high natural and anthropogenic risks and high demands of residents to form a comfortable urban environment. The main problems of the formation of the urban SPNAs system are the lack of a single authority and stable funding; small total area of protected objects; uneven distribution within the city limits; the disparity of protected objects; low representation of natural landscapes, despite the short period of development of the territory; loss of the function of self-regulation of plant communities, loss of biodiversity; multifunctional use of the territory of protected objects. SPNAs are poorly integrated into the economy of the city. The prospects of increasing the total area of specially protected natural areas and expanding the range of their categories due to the reserved urban land are determined. Application of the results: improvement of urban development planning, municipal management.

Keywords: urban specially protected natural area, urban planning, green infrastructure, ecosystem services.

Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-203-209

Environmental monitoring waters of Kumo-Manych depression

E.B. Dedova, V.I. Ivanova, G.N. Konieva

Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas

The reservoirs of the Kumo-Manych depression are of relict origin and function due to leaching of the sea sediments composing the depression by surface and ground waters. The article presents the results of long-term environmental monitoring of reservoirs of Manych group of lakes with high mineralization, which contributes to the formation of a specific biocenosis. The study of ecological features of water bodies under the conditions of limiting influence of salinity showed that a high degree of water salinity (80-200 g/l) contributes to the active development and reproduction of Artemia Salina. in lakes Big Yashaltinskoe and Jama. The main source of nutrition of the parthenogenetic population of Artemia are microphytes Dunaliella salina, Nitzschia, Navicula, Surirella, which have high plasticity and are able to withstand sudden changes in water mineralization. 24 species of diatoms and 1 species of green algae were found. The analysis of the results showed that the composition, dynamics of abundance and Genesis of biota are subject to fluctuations, depending on the cumulative effect of environmental factors. The strongest degree of mineralization of surface waters in the lakes of Manych group formed during the summer period when the value of hydrothermal factor of 0.3-0.4. In lakes the development of two-three generations of crustaceans Artemia salina, the average number of different age crustaceans for the period April – August in the lake Big Yashaltinskoe-23,07 – 61,14 thousand ind./m3, in lake Jama-10,05-23,15 thousand ind./m3. The dependence between the mineralization of water (Y) and the average body length of crustaceans (X) is approximated by the equation of the form: Y=7.88879+0.0109·x (r=0.64).

Keywords: mineralization of water, Kumo-Manych depression, hyperhaline reservoirs, artemia, algae.

Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-084-090

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