ISSN 1995-4301(Print)
ISSN 2618-8406
(Online)
Current issues:
Online version of the journal
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Select viewing optionsSeptoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat: genetic control of host resistance (review) |
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| A.V. Bakulina, A.V. Kharina, A.A. Shirokikh | ||||
| Section: Theoretical problems of ecology |
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| The review provides up-to-date information about the biology of fungi that cause Zymoseptoria tritici and Parastaganospora nodurum, the taxonomic status of these species, symptoms of Septoria tritici and staganospora nodorum blotch diseases, and the spread and harmfulness of these pathogens in our country. Considerable attention is paid to the genetic control of wheat resistance to Z. tritici and P. nodurum, summarized data on qualitative and quantitative stability, valuable wheat genotypes and campaigns to implement the accumulated data in wheat breeding to obtain resistant cultivars. | ||||
| Keywords: wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, Parastaganospora nodurum, resistance genes, quantitative trait loci, molecular markers |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-026-035 |
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Influence of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus BP 16 on phagocytic activity of human blood neutrophils |
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| T.V. Polezhaeva, I.G. Shirokikh, M.I. Sergushkina, Y.I. Nazarova, A.A. Shirokikh, A.N. Khudyakov, O.О. Zaytseva, O.N. Solomina, I.G. Paturova | ||||
| Section: Social ecology |
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| An important condition for obtaining new pharmacological drugs with immunomodulatory effect is the search for active producers in natural habitats. The identification and isolation of new species and strains of fungi from the natural environment opens up prospects for the replenishment of collections of active producers and using them to develop new biotechnological products. The mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. has long been known as a source of polysaccharides with a wide spectrum of biological action. The purpose of this work is to assess the ability of polysaccharides from frozen and dried fruitbodies of the artificially cultivated mushroom H. erinaceus to influence the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. From the fungus fruitbody selected in nature, which is similar in phenotypic characters to Hericium erinaceus, was isolated mycelial culture BP 16. Based on the analysis of the fragment including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), the 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2 found close (99.68%) resemblance of the BP 16 strain to the H. erinaceus CBS 202.31 MH855186.1 strain which is deposited in the NCBI. The isolated strain (BP 16) during laboratory cultivation was distinguished by an increased ability to produce fruits. Four fractions of polysaccharides were obtained from frozen and dried fruitbodies of artificially cultivated BP 16 by extraction with a 5% solution of hot alkali. Depending on the method of pretreatment of fruitbodies (drying or freezing) and the aggregate state (sediment and supernatant), the polysaccharide fractions differed in combination and quantitative ratio in their composition of individual monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, fucose and rhamnose), protein content and galacturonic acid. It was established by light microscopy that the polysaccharides of each fraction of H. erinaceus BP 16 (at a concentration of 1.2%) equally increase the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and fraction 3 (the most enriched in xylose) has a similar effect at a concentration of 0.6%. Low toxicity, high biological compatibility and physiology activity of polysaccharides from H. erinaceus have undeniable advantages over other classes of chemicals. In the context of the search for new natural immunomodulators, further structural and functional study of H. erinaceus polysaccharides is very promising. | ||||
| Keywords: Hericium erinaceus, ITS1_5.8S_ITS2, mushroom polysaccharides, monosaccharide composition, neutrophils, phagocytosis |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-166-171 |
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The estimation of total and a water-soluble fluorine content in common brands of large-leaf and packaged tea |
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| O.I. Baykova, D.B. Petrenko, N.D. Sverdlova, N.V. Vasiliev | ||||
| Section: Social ecology |
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| The content of total and water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf tea and packaged tea sold in the Moscow region has been studied. Using the ionometric method, the content of total and water-soluble fluoride was determined in 18 samples of widespread tea brands. The contents of fluoride ions in infusions of tea, obtained by the classical method of infusion, were 1.1–4.5 mg / dm3, with an average value of 3.1 mg / dm3. Fluorine in the investigated samples of tea is mainly in water-soluble form. The share of water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf and packaged teas was 81 and 76%, respec-tively. The average values of fluorine concentrations in infusions of large-leaf and packaged teas were close and amounted to 3.3 and 2.8 mg / dm3, respectively. The total fluorine content in the studied samples varies in the range of 290–760 mg / kg and averages 409 mg / kg. Using the example of the «Maysky tea» was showed, it was shown that in the first 5 minutes from the beginning of brewing, about 75% of the maximum possible amount of fluoride extracted into the aqueous phase. The calculation of the hazard quotient and comparison of the amounts of fluoride entering the human body with recommended standards showed that daily consumption of 1 dm3 of tea provides on average 80% of the daily norm of fluoride, which helps to prevent caries and is characterized by a low probability of negative effects of fluoride on the body in the long term. | ||||
| Keywords: water-soluble fluorine, total fluorine content, tea, ionometry, hazard quotient |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-180-186 |
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Early and remote effects of gamma irradiation and uranyl nitrate in the liver lipids of mice |
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| А.G. Kudyasheva, N.G. Zagorskaya, L.N. Shishkina | ||||
| Section: Ecotoxicology |
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| A certain danger is possessed by uranium compounds due to the high ability to accumulate in organs and tissues and to induce the oxidative stress. The soluble uranyl nitrate causes the oxidative damage the different biologically important compounds, including lipids. The aim of this work was to study the quantitative changes of the lipid composition in liver of mice CBA (males) and interrelations between the different parameters of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in response to chronic γ-radiation at the dose of 16 cGy and presence of uranyl nitrate in drinking water at the concentration of 0,002 g/L under the separate and combined action of these factors. Mice were divided by four groups: I - control; II – a solution of uranil nitrate consumption during 30 days; II – the chronic γ-irradiation at the total dose of 1,6 cGy during 30 days; IV – the combined action of these factors during 30 days. The decapitation of mice was performed by early (during 1 day after action) and remote (during 30 day after action) period. In early period the more substantial changes between the quantitative ratio of PL fractions was revealed in the mice group III, and under the combined action of factors the increase the minor fractions and the decrease of phosphatidylcholine in liver PL were obtained. The reliable changes of the scale and character of interrelations between shares of the PL separate fraction and/or the generalized parameters of PL composition were revealed in all experimental groups both early and remote periods after actions. This should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of physical and chemical factors on animals inhabiting in ecologically unfavorable situations. | ||||
| Keywords: uranyl nitrate, gamma irradiation, mice, liver, phospholipids, regulation of metabolism |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-157-165 |
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Ecophysiology of Heracleum sosnowskyi plant respiration in the north |
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| I.V. Dalke, R.V. Malyshev, S.P. Maslova | ||||
| Section: Population ecology |
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| Giant hogweeds are included in the invasive species blacklist and significantly affect the structure and diversity of plant and soil communities. The aim of the study was of the to reveal the giant hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) plants adaptive capacity by investigation of seedlings and buds respiration rate. All measurements were performed in typical H. sosnowskyi population in the middle taiga subzone (North-east Russia, N 61.646063, E 50.759277). Plant seedlings begin to appear under the snow cover, in March (in the condition of study area), when the average air temperature is still negative (а multi-year average -7 °C). The seedlings (with radicles) respiration rate at 20 °C collected under the snow cover in March was near 0.7 mg CO2 / g dry weight h. The seedlings with the first true leaf had a significantly higher respiration rate (about 2 mg CO2/g dry weight h at 20 °C). We determined the shift in the temperature optimum for plant growth at the early stages of development in accordance with changes of environmental temperature conditions. The seedlings with first true leaf had respiration rate exponential phase at higher temperature (range 20–35 °C) than that of seedlings collected under snow (5–20 °C). The water-ice phase transition in the seedlings tissues was observed at the temperature minus 8 °C. Thus, seedlings are resistant to low temperatures in early spring. The buds of H. sosnowskyi plant formed by autumn on caudex, had a high rate of respiration of about 5 mg CO2/g dry weight h. Analysis of the rate respiration – temperature dependence revealed a high efficiency of buds respiration at low and moderate temperatures (5-15 °C). It may be associated with the morphogenetic processes in the bud tissues in the autumn-winter period when the soil freezes to minus 2 °C. It was shown that the young H. sosnowskyi tissues metabolism activity was in accordance with the soil and air temperature regime. This accordance allows the plants to adapt to the low temperatures in winter and provides a high growth rate in early spring. | ||||
| Keywords: Heracleum sosnowskyi, seedlings, buds, temperature, respiration, resistant |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-077-082 |
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Importance of cellular immunity factors in application of the environmentally safe split-conjugated anti-brucellosis vaccine in combination with immunomodulators |
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| D. Abdessemed, V.A. Agoltsov, S.Yu. Veselovsky, O.M. Popovа, E.S. Krasnikova, A.M. Semyvolos, D.A. Devrishov | ||||
| Section: Social ecology |
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| This work presents the results of studies on split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis, which is a promising drug for preventing this zoonosis. Using serological studies 14 days after immunization, the complement-binding antibodies were not detected, in the agglutination and rose-bengal reaction, all samples were positive. The highest values in the agglutination reaction (up to 400 IU) were observed in blood serum samples of calves which received polypeptide C. In rose bengal samples of calves’ blood serum that were injected with polypeptide C, a positive result was observed in four cases out of six. In blood serum samples of calves, which received phosprenyl, a positive result was observed in two samples. In samples from calves of the control group (saline), 50% of the samples gave a positive result. The results of serological studies conducted 90 days after vaccination, indicate the absence of antibodies in rose-bengal samples, complement fixation reaction and agglutination reaction. Tests revealed that the tested vaccine produces in animals both humoral and cellular immunity, and being inactivated (killed) does not pose any danger to the environment in the spread of brucellosis. | ||||
| Keywords: brucellosis, split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis, phosprenyl, polypeptide C. |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-172-179 |
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Spread of landfill leachate into groundwater |
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| A. Longobardi, A.N. Elizaryev, E.S. Nasyrova, E.N. Elizaryeva, L.U. Kiyashko | ||||
| Section: Research methods. Models and projects |
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| Many landfills were built a few decades ago and do not meet modern requirements. In this regard, leaks in landfills occur, that have a negative impact on the environment and especially on water objects. The aim of the work is to determine the infiltration rate of landfill filtrate taking into account the natural and climatic conditions on the example of the landfill "Novye Cherkassy" (Ufa, Russia). The HELP program is used to simulate the leachate infiltration through landfill existing layers. To simulate the movement of a toxic liquid seeping through the waste layer into the soil profile, the HYDRUS program is used. Results of 10 years hydrologic evaluation by HELP program showed that the filtrate is formed 341 m3/day. Comparison of the obtained result with the other authors works showed that the increased filtrate value is due to the landfill age (old landfill - 56 years) and the lack of protective measures for prevention filtrate infiltration into the soil. The seasonality in the leachate formation at the landfill is revealed. There was no leachate in the winter (negative temperature) and volley receipt in the spring, caused by snowmelt (positive temperature). In the summer months, evapotranspiration was about 77% of the total precipitation, while infiltration did not exceed 7%. In the autumn months evapotranspiration was only 30-40 %, while infiltration increased to 16%. The calculations showed that during landfill operation toxic mass has spread over 7 km. To prevent further environmental impact, is to close the landfill or remediate it. | ||||
| Keywords: landfill, solid municipal waste, leachate, pollution, groundwater, HELP, HYDRUS |
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| Article published in number 2 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-036-043 |
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Determination of the trophic status of the water reservoir and spatial distribution of aquatic vegetation by integral indicators |
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| Kutyavina T. I., Rutman V. V., Ashikhmina T. Y. | ||||
| Section: Research methods. Models and projects |
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| Determination of the trophic status of a reservoir is necessary for making decisions on the use of a water body for industrial production and domestic purposes. The calculation of the trophic state index (ITS) of a reservoir based on measuring the value of the hydrogen index and the content of dissolved oxygen in water allows us to evaluate the trophic state of a water body, regardless of its type and region of study. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis of water for 2011–2019, the dependence of pH on the degree of oxygen saturation of water was established for one of the largest reservoirs in the Kirov region (Omutninsky reservoir) which is subjected to eutrophication. Based on the dependence found, the ITS index of the reservoir was calculated. Over 9 years of observations, ITS increased from 7.8 to 8.1 units, which indicates the transition of the Omutninsk reservoir from the mesotrophic to the eutrophic type. Using the Earth remote sensing methods for the reservoir, areas of mass development of phytoplankton and higher aquatic plants have been identified. Field observations in these areas revealed thickets of Equisetum fluviatile L., Scirpus lacustris L., Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray, Rotamogeton lucens L. The data obtained by calculating the turbidity index and the concentration index of chlorophyll a in water are consistent with field data observations and can be further used in environmental monitoring of the Omutninsk reservoir and other reservoirs in the region. | ||||
| Keywords: eutrophication, algae “bloom”, dissolved oxygen, index of trophical state, Earth remote sensing, Sentinel-2, turbidity index, chlorophyll а concentration index |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-042-046 |
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Accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in Cladonia rangiferina in the European north of Russia |
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| V.V. Elsakov, I.G. Zakhozhiy, A.S. Shuyskiy | ||||
| Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects |
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| Lichens can accumulate different pollutants and serve as a source of that element’s migration in trophic chains. The content of heavy metals (HM) (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Hg) and As was estimated in samples of Cladonia rangiferina L. taken in the European North of Russia. Sampling areas included the territory of the western part of the Kola Peninsula, Kanin Peninsula, Timan, Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya and Yamal Peninsula tundras and the taiga zone of the Komi Republic. The content of HM and As in lichens thalli for native territories and diapasons of their variability in the zone of influence of industrial impacts facilities are established. The average content of main toxic elements in the lichen from the intact territories of the European North-East was in the range of 0.5–1.8 mg/kg for Pb; 1.0–2.7 mg/kg for Ni; 0.1–0.7 mg/kg for Co; 0.1–0.5 mg/kg for As and about 0.1 mg/kg for Cd. The content of Hg in lichen samples in the study area varied from 9.0 to 51.0 μg/kg. The distance from industrial pollutant emission sources (mainly ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy) and proximity to technological sites and mineral dumping of engineering infrastructure were the most significant factors determining the level of TM accumulation. The average content of HM and As in the thalli from the impact zones of the copper-nickel processing plant (Kola Peninsula) was: Ni – 65.2 mg/kg; Cu – 44.4 mg/kg; Co – 2.3 mg/kg; As – 0.7 mg/kg. This is 1.4 – 22 times higher than the sanitary standards level given in the regulatory documents for grass feed of farm animals. Local areas with an increased concentration of several HMs were identified in the communities of the tundra and forest zones of the European Northeast. Significant deviations of the HM content in thalli were related with dust mineral particles deposits (on the surface and the intercellular space of thalli) of coming from emissions of industrial facilities and transport infrastructure. Elemental analysis of dust particles showed that Fe, Al, and Si compounds predominate in their composition. Some mineral particles are characterized by a relatively high content of Ca, Ti, and Ni. | ||||
| Keywords: lichens, Cladonia rangiferina, European north of Russia, heavy metals |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-097-103 |
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Electrochemical utilization of disperse copper-iron waste |
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| Yu.P. Khranilov, A.V. Zakharov, V.L. Kovalenko, V.A. Kotok | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| The possibility of processing contaminated copper powder with an iron content of 1.6-12.2% by the electrochemical refining method has been studied. This powder is formed during the processing of copper-containing salt waste of galvanic production by exchange reaction and does not find the application. It is shown that during electro-refining of the contaminated copper powder in the sulfate electrolyte, high-purity cathode copper corresponding to the M0k grade can be obtained. Technological recommendations for the implementation of the process are proposed, in particular, a method of depassivating a titanium current lead to a copper powder. It was found that along with the anodic dissolution of copper and iron from the powder, the iron component is chemically dissolved due to the copper exchange reaction. In experiments with model solutions, the effect of Fe (III) ions in the electrolyte on the rate of chemical and electrochemical reactions was studied. It was found that the negative effect of Fe (III) ions on the cathode deposition of copper can be reduced with an additive NaF into the electrolyte and increasing the cathode current density. | ||||
| Keywords: Electrochemical copper refining of, processing of copper powder waste |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2020 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-136-143 |
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36, Moskovskya street, Kirov, 610000, Editorial Board "Theoretical and Applied Ecology." Phone/fax: (8332) 37-02-77 e-mail: envjournal@vyatsu.ru The journal was founded in 2007 |
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