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Signal regulation of activity of protective proteins in potato plants in vitro with the defeat potato late blight

L.G. Yarullina, A.V. Sorokan, G.F. Burkhanova, V.O. Tsvetkov

Section: Agroecology

A comparative assessment of the influence of various signal molecules – salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids, chitooligosaccharides (COS), metabolites of Bacillus subtilis bacteria (MB) on the degree of infestation of the leaves and the activity of protective proteins in the plants of Solanum tuberosum L. infected with oomycete Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary is carried out. Studies were carried out on test-tube plants of potato of susceptible variety Early rose. It is revealed that processing plants SA, JA, COS and MB reduces the degree of infestation of potato leaves by P. infestans, but at varying degrees. The best protective effect provided the JA and the B. subtilis 26D bacterial strain. Treatment with SA, JA, COS and B. subtilis increased the level of H2O2 in potato plants. COS and B. subtilis 11VD had earlier stimulating effect on the production of hydrogen peroxide (24 h after infection). The maximum stimulating effect on the production of H2O2 in the case with treatment with SA and B. subtilis 26D at 48 hours after inoculation was revealed. SA and JA had a stimulating effect on the transcriptional activity of amylase inhibitor and proteinase inhibitor genes in uninfected potato plants and especially in infected ones. The possible mechanisms of increasing the resistance of potatoes to the pathogen of late blight by environmentally safe compounds are discussed. Very promising for potato plants is the creation and use of environmentally friendly drugs, the protective effect of which against P. infestans is based on the stimulation of H2O2 production and activation of hydrolase inhibitor gene expression in infected tissues.

Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Phytophthora infestans, signal molecules, PR-proteins, ecologically safe crop production

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Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-136-141

Projection of carbon sequestration in riparian reforestation

D.G. Zamolodchikov, V.V. Kaganov, O.N. Lipka

Section: Population ecology

The projection of carbon effects from partial reforestation of delta of river Ili (Kazakhstan) in frame of project on restoration of riparian forests and reintroduction of Caspian tiger is developed. Typical values of carbon sequestration by biomass of stands are calculated for tree species, native at studied area (Populus diversifolia Schrenk, Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl., Salix songarica Andersson, S. wilhelmsiana M. Bieb.). The P. diversivolia stands are subdivided to good and normal conditions, S. songarica and S. wilhelmsiana are combined to Salix. sp. group. The peculiarities of growth of carbon in biomass differ in high extent between different tree species. The rate of carbon accumulation during starting 5 years after planting is close for P. diversifolia at good conditions (0.71 tC/ (ha • year)) and E. oxycarpa (0.69 tC/ (ha • year)). The same values are lower for P. diversifolia at normal conditions (0.32 tC/ (ha • year)) and Salix sp. (0.06 tC/ (ha • year)). P. diversifolia at good conditions after 30 years has 54.05 t C/ha in biomass, at normal conditions – 43.71 тС/ha, then Salix sp. (31.10 t C/ha) and E. oxycarpa (12.44 t C/ha) follow. The carbon sequestration is projected for 30 years with reforestation, performed at area 200 thous. of ha. This area is subdivided by tree species as follow: P. diversifolia at good conditions – 15%; P. diversifolia at normal conditions – 15%; E. oxycarpa – 60%; Salix sp. – 10%. The total area will be completely planted during 12 years with equal annual rates 8.3%, correspondent to 16677 ha per years. The annual sequestration is increased from 2 thous. t C/year at first year of project to maximal 264 thous. t C/year at 16th year of project rolling, then is decreased to 101 thous. tC/year at 30th year. Total accumulation of carbon by stand biomass during 30 years is 4.63 mln. tC (16.98 mln. t CO2). The carbon accumulation is important component of ecosystem services, which can be restored due to the project implementation.

Keywords: reforestation, riparian forests, phytomass, carbon sequestration, projection.

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Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-095-101

In vitro adaptive responses of Fragaria ananassa Duch. plantlets induced by the mechanocomposite based on amorphous silica and flavonoids of green tea

E.V. Ambros, O.V. Kotsupy, E.A. Karpova, E.G. Trofimova, Y.G. Zaytseva, T.I. Novikova

Section: Ecologization of industry

For the first time, morphological and physiological characteristics of Fragaria × ananassa microclones of two cultivars (Alpha and Solnechnaya polyanka) under the influence of rice husks-amorphous silica- and green-tea-flavonoid-based mechanocomposite (2.5; 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the medium) during the rooting stage in in vitro conditions were studied. The advantage of mechanochemical technology of raw materials is the obtaining of biologically active compounds without using any chemical solvents with the least impact on the environment. The growth-stimulating effect of all tested mechanocomposite concentrations on the development of the plantlets root system was revealed. Root length, root number per microshoot, and the wet and dry weight of the roots were significantly increased by 1.5, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.5 times, respectively. Moreover, the treatment resulted in increase of leaf number per microshoot, leaf area, and wet and dry weight of aerial parts appropriately by 1.3, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.9 times. Concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids), and their ratios (chlorophyll a/b, chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids) indicated a high physiological state of the plantlets at mechanocomposite concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/L. At a concentration of 10 mg/l, chlorophylls a and b in the leaves of the plantlets of both cultivars and the ratio chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids in the leaves of the plantlets of cultivar Alpha decreased to the control level and below, which indicated stress level of this mechanocomposite concentration. The concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/L are optimal for adaptation of plantlets with high physiological state to ex vitro environment. In the composition of phenolic compounds, ellagic, gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and cinnamic acids, and their derivatives, were found. The mechanocomposite contributed to an increase in the content of most phenolic compounds in both cultivars. The contents of some constituents had not significantly changed or decreased (including ellagic acid in both cultivars). The results may be used for the development of production systems for a healthy planting material using biotechnological approaches and recommended for commercial strawberry micropropagation.

Keywords: mechanocomposite, silica, micropropagation, adaptation, cultivated strawberry, phenolic compounds, ellagic acid

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Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-116-122

Degradative activity of fungi towards oil hydrocarbons under high temperature

N.N. Pozdnyakova, S.А. Balandina, О.V. Turkovskaya

Section: Monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed areas

The pollution of the environment with oil and oil products is one from the serious problems of the present time. The degradative activity of fungi contributes an important part in the self-cleaning of the natural ecosystems and is the basis of the development of environmental biotechnologies (mycoremediation). The selection of the fungi that can utilize pollutants and survive in adverse environmental conditions is the most important stage of the development of such technologies. We showed the ability to degrade of the oil hydrocarbons by 10 strains of basidiomycetes (genera Agaricus, Bjerkandera, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Stropharia, Trametes), and 4 strains of ascomycetes (genera Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Lecanicillium) at high temperature. The all studied fungi metabolized oil both in the rich medium and as the sole carbon source. The most active degraders were the basidiomycetes P. ostreatus, S. commune, and T. versicolor. Ascomycetes, with the exception of G. candidum, utilized oil by more than 80%. All oil fractions, including hard PAHs and resins, are available in the rich medium. Their decrease reached 82-97% by P. ostreatus Florida, S. commune, and T. versicolor DSM, and was 60-88% by ascomycetes L. aphanocladii and F. oxysporum. All the studied fungi, with the exception of P. ostreatus and F. oxysporum, used mainly alkane-naphthene fractions and the low molecular weight aromatic compounds during the utilization of oil as the sole carbon source. We found the production of ligninolytic enzymes (which catalyze the key stapes of the degradation of aromatic compounds) and the emulsifying compounds (which increase the bioavailability of oil). It can be considered as adaptation of the fungi to the oil pollution. The highest activities of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and Mn-peroxidase) were detected in P. ostreatus Florida which is the most active degrader of the aromatic compounds. Ascomycetes, with the exception of G. candidum, produced only Mn-peroxidase. Basidiomycetes P. ostreatus Florida, S. commune, T. versicolor DSM11269 and ascomycetes F. oxysporum and L. aphanocladii were selected for the further studies and the development of the mycoremediation technologies.

Keywords: fungi, oil, degradation, ligninolytic enzymes, emulsifying activity, mycoremediation

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Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-069-075

Effect of salt stress on the expression of genes of K+/Na+ -transporters HKT, SOD and Nfn in Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum

L.I. Fedoreyeva

Section: Agroecology

The problem of determining the potential of salt tolerance of wheat is one of the most pressing in the selection practice for areas with primary and secondary salinity. One of the ways to overcome the negative impact of the salinity factor is the use of saline-tolerant breeding lines and wheat genotypes. Expression of HKT transporter genes is important for characterizing the salt tolerance of wheat. In genotypes of durum and aestivum wheat Orenburgskaya 10 and Orenburgskaya 22 under salt stress, an increase in the expression of the K+/Na+ genes of transporters of the HKT1 and HKT2 families is observed by 3-4 times. The expression level of SOD and Nfn increases by 2-4 times, which indicates the high adaptive properties of these wheat genotypes to salt stress. Probably, the expression of the HKT, SOD and Nfn genes are interconnected. An increase in the level of expression of the NKT, SOD and Nfn families in roots and leaves under salt stress conditions are associated with the rapid recovery of the K+/Na+ ion balance and the removal of toxic Na+ and ROS ions, i.e. protective function.

Keywords: wheat, salt stress, K+/ Na+ transporters, oxidative stress, gene expression

Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-123-129

Approaches for evaluation and quality management of urban ecosystem components using neural network modeling methods

Y.A. Tunakova, S.V. Novikova, A.R. Shagidullin, V.S. Valiev, A.J. Morais

Section: Research methods. Models and projects

The methodology of evaluation and quality management of components of the urban ecosystem, based on the use of new information methods, substantiation of marker biological objects and methods for assessing their response to anthropogenic impact, and ways of data arrays folding used for evaluation has been developed. The presented methodology takes into account the processes of receipt, accumulation and response of biological objects to the effects of marker substances. The approach for the simultaneous recording and analysis of heterogeneous and different-sized data having different degrees of influence on the state of the studied urban ecosystem components using the cluster analysis method is presented. The territory of the urban ecosystem was zoned using the neural self-organizing networks of Kohonen, implemented in the author’s model of neural network filtering. A method for determining the probabilities of exceeding the threshold values of concentrations of marker substances-metals in the studied components of the urban ecosystem is proposed. We estimated the probability that in the territory to which a particular observation belongs, an excess of a given threshold will be marked by at least one of the studied indicators. As thresholds for these events, we have taken the medians of continuous series of observations of metal concentrations. As a result, we calculated the probabilities of exceeding half of the studied parameters of the specified thresholds in each zone. The facts of exceeding the thresholds (events) established in this way were recorded in the totality of observations selected in the form of clusters formed by neural network classification. At the same time the spatial distribution of selected observations with specific address bindings forms the corresponding territorial zones. Recommendations on the use of the obtained results for operational and planned quality management of the urban ecosystem components at the local level are given.

Keywords: urban ecosystem, risk assessment, response of the human body, biosubstrates, neural network technologies, metals

Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-031-036

Distribution of microfungi in the permafrost peat soil of the flat-hilly bog of the forest-tundra

Yu.A. Vinogradova, E.M. Lapteva, V.A. Kovaleva, E.M. Perminova

Section: Population ecology

The micromycetes complex was studied in the permafrost affected peat soil of the forest-tundra peatland (lower course of the Pechora river, forest tundra). Taxonomical list of microscopic fungi contains 42 species (including two forms of sterile mycelium). Division Zygomycota contains eight species (19%) from genera Mucor, Mortierellа, and Umbelopsis; division Ascomycota – 32 species (76%). Penicillium genus contains the highest number of species (21). The other genera – Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Chrysosporium, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Trichoderma are presented by single species. The highest number of fungi species was found in the upper part of the active layer (depth 0-20 cm) – 38 species (H=2.53), the lowest – in the lower part of the active layer (20-55 cm) – 11 species (H=0.90) and permafrost layer (55-115 cm) – 9 species (Н=1.31). The number of micromycetes varied depending on the used media and temperature of cultivation from single units to hundreds of thousands of colony forming units (CFU) per one gram of substrate. The highest number (51-84 thousands CFU per g of soil) of microscopic fungi was found in the upper part of the active layer (depth 0-4 cm). In the lower part of active layer, high number of micromycetes (60-104 thousands CFU per g of soil) was found only at rich by hydrocarbons media (worth agar, Sabouraud’s medium). In the permafrost layer, this number was lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude (0.2-3.7 thousands CFU per g of soil). Psychrotolerant species growing at temperatures 4-25°С are the basis of the micromycetes complex in the seasonally thawing and permafrost layers in the soil of the frost peat mound. According to the species abundance, the structure of micromycetes complex is presented by rare species – 60%, abundant species count 12-29%. Penicillium simplicissimum (23.6-48.3%), Pseudogymnoascus pannorum (12.0%), and Mycelia sterilia (light colored) (19.9%) were the most abundant in the active layer; Penicillium implicatum (32.3%) and Penicillium simplicissimum (19.4%) and Mycelia sterilia (light colored) (17.7%) – in the permafrost layers.

Keywords: peatland, peatbogs, permafrost, microbial biomass, microscopic fungi, structure, diversity

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Article published in number 4 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-4-110-115

The use of satellite images to determine the boundaries of water bodies and study the processes of eutrophication

Т.I. Kutyavina, V.V. Rutman, Т.Ya. Аshikhmina, V.P. Savinykh

Section: Research methods. Models and projects

The purpose of the work is to select the most informative spectral indices for determining the boundaries of reservoirs and diagnosing the processes of eutrophication of water bodies in the Kirov region. Five satellite images obtained from the Landsat 5 satellite were decrypted. The water color index, turbidity index, chlorophyll concentration index а, normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized index of water refractive index (NDWI) for four reservoirs in the Kirov region were determined: Belokholunitskoye, Omutninskoye, Bol’shoye Kirsinskoye and Chernokholunitskoye. To confirm and correct the data of deciphering the images, we used the results of bathymetric surveys, algological and chemical analyzes of water from the reservoirs of the Kirov region, obtained during ground-based field observations in water bodies. To build index maps, we used the QGIS software product, versions 2.18 and 3.8. Scales for indices were selected empirically, highlighting areas with similar indices. The minimum and maximum values of the index in the reservoirs were taken as the boundaries of the scale. It is noted that with high turbidity (more than 8 units of turbidity by formazine) and high water color (from 42 to 398 degrees of color), the most informative indicators for identifying the boundaries of water bodies are the NDVI and NDWI indices. On satellite images taken in the spring, water color indices, NDVI and NDWI are lower than in the summer. In the Omutninsk reservoir, an increase in the turbidity index during the mass development of phytoplankton was noted. The ability to assess and compare the degree of development of phytoplankton, its spatial distribution over the water area of the Kirov region reservoirs using the turbidity indices and the concentration of chlorophyll а in water is shown. When analyzing index charts, it was noted that the maximum values of the chlorophyll concentration index а correspond to areas of the water area occupied by thickets of higher aquatic plants (Omutninskoe reservoir) and shallow areas with delayed water exchange (Omutninskoye, Belokholunitskoye reservoirs).

Keywords: eutrophication, remote sensing of the Earth, Landsat 5, normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, color index, turbidity index, chlorophyll concentration index а, algae “bloom”

Article published in number 3 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-028-033

Ecotoxicological characteristics of oil-contaminated soils (sludges) after their reagent treatment

O.A. Kulikova, V.A. Terekhova, E.A. Mazlova, Yu.A. Nishkevich, K.A. Kydralieva

Section: Ecotoxicology

The article presents the results of an experimental processing of the ground oil sludges from the territory of the Variogan oil field (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Tyumen Region), using surface-active reagent for decreasing. toxicity. The efficiency of the chemical reagent treatment of the oil sludge samples (OS), 7.92–18.67 wt% oil contented, was characterized. The treatment was carried out at a mass ratio of oil sludge: reagent = 1: 10 for 30 minutes at 60 °C and 120 rpm. The effect of the oil sludges treatment by the BOK-6 reagent, analyzed in a battery of biotest systems, showed a decrease in the toxicity level of the samples. This tendency is evidenced by a decrease in the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) of aqueous extracts from the treated samples in biotests with crustacea Daphnia magna and infusoria Paramecium caudatum, as well as a decrease of negative phytoeffect caused by treated samples versus untreated. In the process of phytoassay with the applicative method (upon contact of seeds with a solid mass of samples), the observed sensitivity of Raphanus sativus, Avena sativa, Sinapis alba seeds was higher than with the eluate (interaction with water extract) testing method. In general, the conducted studies showed that the physicochemical treatment methods with surfactants solutions contribute to the neutralization of oil sludges, reducing the content of petroleum products.

Keywords: remediation, soil, oil sludge, oil pollution, surfactants, ecotoxicity, biotesting

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Article published in number 3 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-120-126

Environmental aspects in the production of mayonnaise

E.I. Rakhimova, А.S. Sirotkin

Section: Ecologization of industry

Wastewater from the production of mayonnaise is water from washing equipment and contains fats and oils as a dominant impurity in an average concentration of 0.8 to 3% (mass.). It was noted that in the process of disposal, acid and alkaline wastewater undergoes an ultrafiltration process, and the separated fats are fed to the soapstock, formed at the stage of alkaline refining during processing and production of sunflower oil and containing water, soap, absorbed neutral fat, excess alkali. Further use of soapstock in soap making with the production of natural products is relevant.It has been experimentally shown that in the production of mayonnaise, a comprehensive 3-stage washing of technological equipment and pipelines, consisting of an alkaline, acid washing and disinfecting solution treatment, with the inclusion of additional treatment with hot steam at a temperature of 110 о C and an overpressure of 0.7 bar for 15 min allows you to increase the production cycle between equipment washes, reduce the amount of industrial wastewater, and also reduce their pollution by fats and oils by 3-4 times.It was noted that the frequency of washing, including the processing of equipment and pipelines assembled with hot steam, should be implemented 1 time in 5 days, which allows to reduce the amount of wastewater generated by 33% and to reduce costs for these technological operations. In addition, it has been shown that the additional processing of equipment with hot steam during its complex washing ensures the microbiological safety of the finished product over the shelf life.

Keywords: microbiological safety, wastewater, sharp steam, mayonnaise, lactic acid bacteria, acidity

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Article published in number 3 for 2019
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2019-3-095-100

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