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Ecological differentiation of forest syntaxa in MSU’s Zvenigorod Biological Station

Braslavskaya T.Yu., Tikhonova E.V., Sukhova D.V., Ulanova N.G., Popova K.B., Cherednichenko O.V.

Section: Population ecology

In the fluvio-glacial woodland landscape of the Zvenigorod biological station (located within the mixed forest subzone, in the center of the Russian Plain), in order to identify ecological differences between syntaxa of coniferous and mixed forests referred to the classes Carpino–Fagetea and Vaccinio–Piceetea, 536 geobotanical relevées were analyzed those were collected in 2004–2016. Resulting from ecological-floristic classification (according to the Braun-Blanquet approach), 5 associations were established in this woodland (including 2 subassociations, 3 variants, particularly new xeromesophytic variant, named Vaccinium vitis-idaea, of zonal subass. Rhodobryo–Piceetum caricetosum pilosae and new sub-taiga variant named Asarum europaeum of south-taiga subass. Melico–Piceetum typicum) and 1 derivative community. Multidimensional ordination based on the similarity of floristic composition, phytoindication of the ecological regime using rank scales of H. Ellenberg, and analysis of the syntaxa localization in ecotopes at different positions in the river valley and with different soil characteristics (using a geographic information system based on large-scale maps). The results of ordination and phytoindication showed that floristic differences between forest classes are consistent with soil reaction and nitrogen content, and at the level of associations in the same class - with a moisture regime. Frequency analysis of the syntaxa distribution by ecotopes revealed that the forests of the zonal syntaxon (subass. Rhodobryo–Piceetum caricetosum pilosae var. typica) have a tendency to grow on well-humified soils without gleyzation, whereas the forest syntaxon of the more northern range (subass. Melico–Piceetum typicum var. Asarum europaeum) do on gleyed soils. The specific confinement connected with the granulometric soil composition has not been revealed for the studied forests. In the surveyed fluvio-glacial woodland landscape, xeromesophytic mixed forests dominate at the local watershed, those combine features of two classes, but basing on floristic criteria have to be referred to the nemoral class Carpino–Fagetea.

Keywords: hemiboreal forests, Braun-Blanquet classification approach, multidimensional ordination, fluvio-glacial landscape in the center of the Russian Plain

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Article published in number 3 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-3-105-110

Application of methods for processing and analysis of satellite images for the study of eutrophied reservoirs (review)

Т.I. Kutyavina, G.Ya. Kantor, Т.Ya. Аshikhmina, V.P. Savinykh

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

The review discusses the existing approaches and algorithms used to assess the water quality of inland water bodies in various climatic zones, provides formulas for calculating the most commonly used spectral indices (Chl-a, MCI, NDVI, Turb). The possibilities of using data of remote sensing of the Earth from various sensors (Modis-Terra, Modis-Aqua, Landsat-5, Landsat 7, Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3) to study the quality of water in inland waters are described. Many researchers note the great potential of the Sentinel-3 satellite for studying inland waters with complex optical conditions (high turbidity, color, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and total suspended matter). It is shown that the optical properties of inland waters differ depending on the trophic status of the reservoir, on the season of the year, the physicochemical composition of water, the species composition of phytoplankton and other factors. Currently, both traditional methods and new, improved algorithms are used to monitor the state of water bodies with complex optical conditions. Various methods of atmospheric corrections and calibrated spectral indices are used, classifications of reservoirs by the presence of phytoplankton particles, suspended particles of organic and inorganic matter, and CDOM are developed. It was noted that the concentration of chlorophyll a and the turbidity of the water are the most important biophysical parameters used to assess the quality of water and determine the ecological status of inland waters.

Keywords: inland waters, eutrophication, trophic status of a reservoir, phytoplankton, turbidity, transparency, remote sensing of the Earth

Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-014-025

Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat: genetic control of host resistance (review)

A.V. Bakulina, A.V. Kharina, A.A. Shirokikh

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

The review provides up-to-date information about the biology of fungi that cause Zymoseptoria tritici and Parastaganospora nodurum, the taxonomic status of these species, symptoms of Septoria tritici and staganospora nodorum blotch diseases, and the spread and harmfulness of these pathogens in our country. Considerable attention is paid to the genetic control of wheat resistance to Z. tritici and P. nodurum, summarized data on qualitative and quantitative stability, valuable wheat genotypes and campaigns to implement the accumulated data in wheat breeding to obtain resistant cultivars.

Keywords: wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, Parastaganospora nodurum, resistance genes, quantitative trait loci, molecular markers

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Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-026-035

Influence of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus BP 16 on phagocytic activity of human blood neutrophils

T.V. Polezhaeva, I.G. Shirokikh, M.I. Sergushkina, Y.I. Nazarova, A.A. Shirokikh, A.N. Khudyakov, O.О. Zaytseva, O.N. Solomina, I.G. Paturova

Section: Social ecology

An important condition for obtaining new pharmacological drugs with immunomodulatory effect is the search for active producers in natural habitats. The identification and isolation of new species and strains of fungi from the natural environment opens up prospects for the replenishment of collections of active producers and using them to develop new biotechnological products. The mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. has long been known as a source of polysaccharides with a wide spectrum of biological action. The purpose of this work is to assess the ability of polysaccharides from frozen and dried fruitbodies of the artificially cultivated mushroom H. erinaceus to influence the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. From the fungus fruitbody selected in nature, which is similar in phenotypic characters to Hericium erinaceus, was isolated mycelial culture BP 16. Based on the analysis of the fragment including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), the 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2 found close (99.68%) resemblance of the BP 16 strain to the H. erinaceus CBS 202.31 MH855186.1 strain which is deposited in the NCBI. The isolated strain (BP 16) during laboratory cultivation was distinguished by an increased ability to produce fruits. Four fractions of polysaccharides were obtained from frozen and dried fruitbodies of artificially cultivated BP 16 by extraction with a 5% solution of hot alkali. Depending on the method of pretreatment of fruitbodies (drying or freezing) and the aggregate state (sediment and supernatant), the polysaccharide fractions differed in combination and quantitative ratio in their composition of individual monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, fucose and rhamnose), protein content and galacturonic acid. It was established by light microscopy that the polysaccharides of each fraction of H. erinaceus BP 16 (at a concentration of 1.2%) equally increase the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and fraction 3 (the most enriched in xylose) has a similar effect at a concentration of 0.6%. Low toxicity, high biological compatibility and physiology activity of polysaccharides from H. erinaceus have undeniable advantages over other classes of chemicals. In the context of the search for new natural immunomodulators, further structural and functional study of H. erinaceus polysaccharides is very promising.

Keywords: Hericium erinaceus, ITS1_5.8S_ITS2, mushroom polysaccharides, monosaccharide composition, neutrophils, phagocytosis

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Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-166-171

The estimation of total and a water-soluble fluorine content in common brands of large-leaf and packaged tea

O.I. Baykova, D.B. Petrenko, N.D. Sverdlova, N.V. Vasiliev

Section: Social ecology

The content of total and water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf tea and packaged tea sold in the Moscow region has been studied. Using the ionometric method, the content of total and water-soluble fluoride was determined in 18 samples of widespread tea brands. The contents of fluoride ions in infusions of tea, obtained by the classical method of infusion, were 1.1–4.5 mg / dm3, with an average value of 3.1 mg / dm3. Fluorine in the investigated samples of tea is mainly in water-soluble form. The share of water-soluble fluoride in large-leaf and packaged teas was 81 and 76%, respec-tively. The average values of fluorine concentrations in infusions of large-leaf and packaged teas were close and amounted to 3.3 and 2.8 mg / dm3, respectively. The total fluorine content in the studied samples varies in the range of 290–760 mg / kg and averages 409 mg / kg. Using the example of the «Maysky tea» was showed, it was shown that in the first 5 minutes from the beginning of brewing, about 75% of the maximum possible amount of fluoride extracted into the aqueous phase. The calculation of the hazard quotient and comparison of the amounts of fluoride entering the human body with recommended standards showed that daily consumption of 1 dm3 of tea provides on average 80% of the daily norm of fluoride, which helps to prevent caries and is characterized by a low probability of negative effects of fluoride on the body in the long term.

Keywords: water-soluble fluorine, total fluorine content, tea, ionometry, hazard quotient

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Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-180-186

Early and remote effects of gamma irradiation and uranyl nitrate in the liver lipids of mice

А.G. Kudyasheva, N.G. Zagorskaya, L.N. Shishkina

Section: Ecotoxicology

A certain danger is possessed by uranium compounds due to the high ability to accumulate in organs and tissues and to induce the oxidative stress. The soluble uranyl nitrate causes the oxidative damage the different biologically important compounds, including lipids. The aim of this work was to study the quantitative changes of the lipid composition in liver of mice CBA (males) and interrelations between the different parameters of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in response to chronic γ-radiation at the dose of 16 cGy and presence of uranyl nitrate in drinking water at the concentration of 0,002 g/L under the separate and combined action of these factors. Mice were divided by four groups: I - control; II – a solution of uranil nitrate consumption during 30 days; II – the chronic γ-irradiation at the total dose of 1,6 cGy during 30 days; IV – the combined action of these factors during 30 days. The decapitation of mice was performed by early (during 1 day after action) and remote (during 30 day after action) period. In early period the more substantial changes between the quantitative ratio of PL fractions was revealed in the mice group III, and under the combined action of factors the increase the minor fractions and the decrease of phosphatidylcholine in liver PL were obtained. The reliable changes of the scale and character of interrelations between shares of the PL separate fraction and/or the generalized parameters of PL composition were revealed in all experimental groups both early and remote periods after actions. This should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of physical and chemical factors on animals inhabiting in ecologically unfavorable situations.

Keywords: uranyl nitrate, gamma irradiation, mice, liver, phospholipids, regulation of metabolism

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Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-157-165

Ecophysiology of Heracleum sosnowskyi plant respiration in the north

I.V. Dalke, R.V. Malyshev, S.P. Maslova

Section: Population ecology

Giant hogweeds are included in the invasive species blacklist and significantly affect the structure and diversity of plant and soil communities. The aim of the study was of the to reveal the giant hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) plants adaptive capacity by investigation of seedlings and buds respiration rate. All measurements were performed in typical H. sosnowskyi population in the middle taiga subzone (North-east Russia, N 61.646063, E 50.759277). Plant seedlings begin to appear under the snow cover, in March (in the condition of study area), when the average air temperature is still negative (а multi-year average -7 °C). The seedlings (with radicles) respiration rate at 20 °C collected under the snow cover in March was near 0.7 mg CO2 / g dry weight h. The seedlings with the first true leaf had a significantly higher respiration rate (about 2 mg CO2/g dry weight h at 20 °C). We determined the shift in the temperature optimum for plant growth at the early stages of development in accordance with changes of environmental temperature conditions. The seedlings with first true leaf had respiration rate exponential phase at higher temperature (range 20–35 °C) than that of seedlings collected under snow (5–20 °C). The water-ice phase transition in the seedlings tissues was observed at the temperature minus 8 °C. Thus, seedlings are resistant to low temperatures in early spring. The buds of H. sosnowskyi plant formed by autumn on caudex, had a high rate of respiration of about 5 mg CO2/g dry weight h. Analysis of the rate respiration – temperature dependence revealed a high efficiency of buds respiration at low and moderate temperatures (5-15 °C). It may be associated with the morphogenetic processes in the bud tissues in the autumn-winter period when the soil freezes to minus 2 °C. It was shown that the young H. sosnowskyi tissues metabolism activity was in accordance with the soil and air temperature regime. This accordance allows the plants to adapt to the low temperatures in winter and provides a high growth rate in early spring.

Keywords: Heracleum sosnowskyi, seedlings, buds, temperature, respiration, resistant

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Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-077-082

Importance of cellular immunity factors in application of the environmentally safe split-conjugated anti-brucellosis vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

D. Abdessemed, V.A. Agoltsov, S.Yu. Veselovsky, O.M. Popovа, E.S. Krasnikova, A.M. Semyvolos, D.A. Devrishov

Section: Social ecology

This work presents the results of studies on split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis, which is a promising drug for preventing this zoonosis. Using serological studies 14 days after immunization, the complement-binding antibodies were not detected, in the agglutination and rose-bengal reaction, all samples were positive. The highest values in the agglutination reaction (up to 400 IU) were observed in blood serum samples of calves which received polypeptide C. In rose bengal samples of calves’ blood serum that were injected with polypeptide C, a positive result was observed in four cases out of six. In blood serum samples of calves, which received phosprenyl, a positive result was observed in two samples. In samples from calves of the control group (saline), 50% of the samples gave a positive result. The results of serological studies conducted 90 days after vaccination, indicate the absence of antibodies in rose-bengal samples, complement fixation reaction and agglutination reaction. Tests revealed that the tested vaccine produces in animals both humoral and cellular immunity, and being inactivated (killed) does not pose any danger to the environment in the spread of brucellosis.

Keywords: brucellosis, split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis, phosprenyl, polypeptide C.

Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-172-179

Spread of landfill leachate into groundwater

A. Longobardi, A.N. Elizaryev, E.S. Nasyrova, E.N. Elizaryeva, L.U. Kiyashko

Section: Research methods. Models and projects

Many landfills were built a few decades ago and do not meet modern requirements. In this regard, leaks in landfills occur, that have a negative impact on the environment and especially on water objects. The aim of the work is to determine the infiltration rate of landfill filtrate taking into account the natural and climatic conditions on the example of the landfill "Novye Cherkassy" (Ufa, Russia). The HELP program is used to simulate the leachate infiltration through landfill existing layers. To simulate the movement of a toxic liquid seeping through the waste layer into the soil profile, the HYDRUS program is used. Results of 10 years hydrologic evaluation by HELP program showed that the filtrate is formed 341 m3/day. Comparison of the obtained result with the other authors works showed that the increased filtrate value is due to the landfill age (old landfill - 56 years) and the lack of protective measures for prevention filtrate infiltration into the soil. The seasonality in the leachate formation at the landfill is revealed. There was no leachate in the winter (negative temperature) and volley receipt in the spring, caused by snowmelt (positive temperature). In the summer months, evapotranspiration was about 77% of the total precipitation, while infiltration did not exceed 7%. In the autumn months evapotranspiration was only 30-40 %, while infiltration increased to 16%. The calculations showed that during landfill operation toxic mass has spread over 7 km. To prevent further environmental impact, is to close the landfill or remediate it.

Keywords: landfill, solid municipal waste, leachate, pollution, groundwater, HELP, HYDRUS

Article published in number 2 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-036-043

Determination of the trophic status of the water reservoir and spatial distribution of aquatic vegetation by integral indicators

Kutyavina T. I., Rutman V. V., Ashikhmina T. Y.

Section: Research methods. Models and projects

Determination of the trophic status of a reservoir is necessary for making decisions on the use of a water body for industrial production and domestic purposes. The calculation of the trophic state index (ITS) of a reservoir based on measuring the value of the hydrogen index and the content of dissolved oxygen in water allows us to evaluate the trophic state of a water body, regardless of its type and region of study. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis of water for 2011–2019, the dependence of pH on the degree of oxygen saturation of water was established for one of the largest reservoirs in the Kirov region (Omutninsky reservoir) which is subjected to eutrophication. Based on the dependence found, the ITS index of the reservoir was calculated. Over 9 years of observations, ITS increased from 7.8 to 8.1 units, which indicates the transition of the Omutninsk reservoir from the mesotrophic to the eutrophic type. Using the Earth remote sensing methods for the reservoir, areas of mass development of phytoplankton and higher aquatic plants have been identified. Field observations in these areas revealed thickets of Equisetum fluviatile L., Scirpus lacustris L., Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray, Rotamogeton lucens L. The data obtained by calculating the turbidity index and the concentration index of chlorophyll a in water are consistent with field data observations and can be further used in environmental monitoring of the Omutninsk reservoir and other reservoirs in the region.

Keywords: eutrophication, algae “bloom”, dissolved oxygen, index of trophical state, Earth remote sensing, Sentinel-2, turbidity index, chlorophyll а concentration index

Article published in number 1 for 2020
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-042-046

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