The state of larch forests and prospects for growing Siberian larch in the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests
N.P. Savinykh, A.A. Teterin
Section: Population ecology
For the sustainable development of society, timely and high-quality reproduction of forests is necessary with the preservation of ecosystem functions at the expense of economically valuable species, such as Larix sibirica Led. The aim of the work is to study the composition and structure of artificially created larch forests in the subzone of broadleafconiferous forests of the Kirov Region to find out the possibility, expediency and features of them for the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity, as well as timber resources. Communities were characterized from these positions by traditional silvicultural, geobotanical, ecological, and cenotic characteristics. The state of the stand was evaluated in comparison with normal stands according to M.M. Orlov. It was found that: 1) Larch stands mainly correspond to the values of normal stands of this age and are distinguished by a greater stock of wood than forests of the main forest-forming species of the region. 2) There is a tendency of natural transformation of larch forests into forests with greater participation of spruce: large undergrowth of Picea abies L., Abies sibirica Ledeb., Betula pendula L.; presence of boreal species in underbrush: Sorbus aucuparia L., Rubus idaeus L.; prevalence of boreal ecological and cenotic group (EEC) among herbs; moss cover of taiga species. 3) The main reason for community change is high density of stands. 4) Presence of non-moral ECG species, including Convallaria majalis L., which is protected in Kirov region. Increase of resource, supporting and preserving functions of forest ecosystems in the sub-zone of broadleaf-coniferous forests of Kirov region is possible and expedient by using L. sibirica in forest reproduction. To prevent transformation of larch forests into forests with spruce it is necessary to maintain illumination, for which purpose it is expediente carry out a full complex of forest maintenance cuts, especially thinning and pass logging.
Keywords: Larix sibirica Led., Siberian larch, the productivity of the stand, ecological-cenotic groups, biodiversity, ecosystem services of the forest
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-155-163
Views: 36
Rational forest management in Russia: problems and prospects of improving the organizational and legal mechanism
D.G. Domrachev, А.А. Kirillovyh, V.N. Pugach
Section: Social ecology
The solution to the problem of preserving forests on the planet depends on the efforts of the entire world community. An important place in this issue is given to legal mechanisms that consolidate the mutual obligations of states, as well as the norms of domestic legislation to ensure the sustainable development of forests and forestry. The article analyzes the current state and practice of implementing the international legal regime, as well as the provisions of domestic forest legislation in terms of organizational and legal support for improving the efficiency of economic use of forests on the territory of the Russian Federation. The problems and prospects of the implementation of certain regulatory instruments that ensure the implementation by the Russian Federation of state policy in the field of forestry development are shown. In particular, the author substantiates the decisive role of the state in building mechanisms for rationalizing the use of forests, taking into account the use of a set of administrative and economic incentive measures for economic entities. It is necessary to move from a resource-oriented approach to an ecosystem one in the development of the forest economy, allowing to harmonize the interests of the state, society and business in the use of forest resources while maintaining acceptable rates of socio-economic development of the country.
Keywords: legal mechanism, state regulation, rational forest management, forestry, ecological function, lease of forest plots
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-198-208
Views: 36
Identification of the toxic effects of heavy metals on phytoplankton by the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves using machine learning
The creation of a network of autonomous stations for bioindication of water bodies state requires the development of methods for analyzing large data arrays. The combination of machine learning methods with traditional statistical methods is used to identify implicit patterns in the dataset for the effect of heavy metals on natural phytoplankton. The array of experimental data consists of 465 fluorescence induction curves measured on phytoplankton samples from 9 water bodies of the Pskov region, and reflecting the dynamics of electron transfer in the photosynthetic apparatus. Each curve is characterized by 14 JIP-test parameters, some of which directly describe the shape of the curve; the others connect the shape of the curve with the energy flows that occur in the photosynthetic apparatus under illumination. Cluster analysis based on a set of JIP-test parameters was used to distinguish photosynthetic activity first among phytoplankton samples in control and then under long-term exposure to cadmium and chromium salts. In the control samples, two groups were identified that differ in the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton. It is assumed that the lower photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton samples is associated with anthropogenic pressure on the water bodies. It was shown that the samples with initially low photosynthetic activity responded to the toxic effect of heavy metals at later periods of incubation compared to more active samples. The proposed approach can be easily scaled to analyze large arrays of experimental data that makes it a promising tool for the early detection of toxic pollution of natural waters.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-126-134
Views: 35
Finding of the thermophilic fungus Laetiporus sulphureus on the territory of Kirov
D.V. Popyvanov, A.A. Shirokikh, Yu.A. Zlobina
Section: Population ecology
climate is characterized by the predominance of continental air of temperate latitudes and the weather is unstable in terms of temperatures and precipitation throughout the year. The region is characterized by a long moderately cold and snowy winter, a prolonged spring, early autumn and a moderately warm short summer. The average air temperature in the city of Kirov in winter is -9.2 оС, in summer it is +16.4 оС. The annual precipitation is 582 mm, of which 60–70% falls on the warm season. A pure culture of sulfur-yellow tinder was isolated using a fragment of the fruit body extracted from the inner part of the basidiocarp. The growth rate of isolate Laetiporus sulphureus NV on wort agar was 10.6 mm/day, on PGA – 7.8 mm/day. Species identification of the fungus was confirmed by molecular genetic method, the results were deposited in GenBank: ON130354.1. Phylogenetic analysis of species of the genus Laetiporus was carried out. The antibiotic activity of the isolate was studied. It was found that the fungus inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria i>Arthrobacter humicola 30H, Pedobacter agri 85Td and gram-negative species Pseudomonas cepacia 5809, Erwinia rhapontici DAG1-1. As a result of the liquid-phase ultivation of the L. sulphureus NV isolate on various liquid nutrient media using a magnetic stirrer, it was found that the greatest accumulation of biomass on 20 days of cultivation is observed on a liquid medium based on a decoction of barley husk with the addition of 2% glucose. The accumulation of dry mycelium biomass up to 1.64 g/L was revealed.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-181-189
Views: 36
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and other toxic elements in the muscles of fish in the Volga River basin
A.V. Gorbunov, B.V. Ermolaev, D.B. Petrenko, O.I. Okina, G.A. Granovskaya
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
The purpose of this work was to study the accumulation of heavy and toxic elements in the muscles of the main commercial fish of the Volga River basin. Sampling was carried out throughout the Volga River, in areas that are characterized by varying degrees of industrial development. In the course of the work, tissue samples of the main species of commercial fish were selected (about 300 samples in total). The analysis of the selected material was carried out by a set of methods: induction coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flamу atomic absorption spectroscopy and cold steam atomic absorption. Based on this analysis, the levels of accumulation of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Sb, I, Hg, Pb in the muscles of the main species of commercial fish were determined. Graphs of the distribution of the concentration of elements in the muscles of perch depending on the area of fishing are given: the maximum concentration of the sum of toxic elements in the muscles of perch is characteristic of the Rybinsk reservoir and the area of the village of TsaganAman, and the minimum – for the upper Volga and delta. The dependence of accumulation of As, Cd, Hg, Se, I and Br in the muscles of perch on the mass of fish has been assessed. It was found that the concentration of Hg and Se in the muscles of the perch is directly proportional to the weight of the fish.
Keywords: heavy metals, toxic elements,bioaccumulation, fish tissues, accumulation features, the Volga River
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-080-088
Views: 37
Heavy metals in soils of various functional zones of urbanized territories: assessment of the content and environmental risk
T.A. Trifonova, I.N. Kurochkin, Yu.N. Kurbatov
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
In order to analyze heavy metal pollution of urbanized soils of the city of Vladimir, the selection and study of soil samples was carried out. Soil samples were analyzed for lead, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and chromium. The obtained indicators were compared with the maximum permissible concentrations and background values. The regularities between the proximity of the studied sites to industrial enterprises and the concentration of heavy metals in the soil are established. The coefficients of accumulation of heavy metals in soils have been calculated and metals that are priority pollutants with the highest accumulation coefficient have been identified. By calculating the total accumulation index, the territory of the city is differentiated by the degree of danger. The calculation of such indicators as: the general pollution index PLI, the indicator of potential environmental risk PERI, the Nemerow pollution index (NPI). It has been established that lead, arsenic and zinc are priority pollutants. The degree of soil contamination of various functional zones according to the indicator of potential environmental risk and the general pollution index PLI increases in the following series: zones of multi-storey buildings < zones of green spaces < zones of transport infrastructure < zones of low-rise buildings < industrial zones.
Keywords: heavy metals, functional zoning, soil pollution, urbanized soils, anthropogenic impact, geoinformation systems
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-038-046
Views: 39
Ecological features and biotechnological possibilities of soil actinobacteria (review)
L.N. Grigoryan, Yu.V. Bataeva
Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
Actinobacteria are gram-positive aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria that tend to form branching hyphae capable of developing into mycelium. Their main role is in the decomposition of complex polymers in the soil: lignin, cellulose, chitin, humus substances; fertility formation; production of antibiotic substances; accumulation of biologically active compounds. Actinobacteria secrete into the environment a complex of secondary exometabolites of various compositions with aliphatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, nitrogenous, oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing compounds. Most of the isolated secondary metabolites have antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, herbicidal, insecticidal properties. Biotechnological capabilities of soil actinobacteria producing biologically active substances with a wide range of environmental effects are used in the development of multifunctional biologics for various industries. Actinobacteria play a crucial role in optimizing the growing conditions of plants, and therefore there is a natural interest in studying the factors that influence the relationship between actinobacteria and various crops in specific soil conditions. The development of this issue is an important link in the ecological characterization of the soil microbial complex and it will help to develop the theoretical foundations for the targeted regulation of the interactions of actinobacteria with
phytopathogenic microorganisms and insect pests. The purpose of this work is to analyze the ecological features and biotechnological capabilities of soil actinobacteria. The review describes the distribution of actinobacteria in various types of soils, including those with the presence of pollutant; the composition of the metabolites produced; relationships with other microorganisms, as well as biotechnological properties and the possibility of using actinobacteria for the development of biological products for agroecosystems.
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-006-019
Views: 37
Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in commercial fish in the Russian Arctic
Yu.I. Varakina, A.S. Aksenov, D.E. Lakhmanov, T.Yu. Sorokina, L.F. Popova
Section: Population ecology
The manuscript discusses the results of the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in commercial fish species (atlantic salmon Salmo salar, rainbow smelt Osmerus dentex Steindachner et Kner, herring Clupea sp., arctic char Salvelinus alpinus) living in the waters of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) and used in the diet nutrition of the inhabitants of the Russian Arctic. This study lays the foundation for monitoring of POPs, taking into accounts the possible risks and norms of daily consumption of traditional foods that affect human health in the Arctic. The authors determined the temporal trends in the content of POPs in Arctic fish species, as well as analyzed and compared published data on the content of POPs in traditional food. In the studied fish samples, p,p’-DDE, PCB 153 and hexachlorobenzene dominated among POPs, which corresponds to the trends in the accumulation of organic pollutants in Arctic hydrobionts. The total content of POPs in atlantic salmon, herring, arctic char and rainbow smelt was 15,01; 7,89; 2,38;
2,02 ng/g wet weight, respectively, which is tens to hundreds times lower than the established standard values. For all fish species, in the amount of at least 7 samples, the DDE/DDT ratio was high, which indicates early DDT contamination of fish habitats. Atlantic salmon and herring are the most contaminated fish species in the entire list of studied compounds. A decrease of POPs concentration in the studied fish species was noted in comparison with earlier studies conducted in similar areas. Despite the large amount of fish in the diet of peoples from the NAO, no significant risks have been identified. However, it was found that the level of PCBs in concentrations below the MPC carries a potential risk of cancer, especially with long-term consumption of atlantic salmon more than 45 g/day by the local population in one of the settlements of the NAO.
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
This article discusses the issues of air pollution with formaldehyde and the impact of this pollutant on the health of the population of the city of Lipetsk. The study revealed patterns of increase in the concentration of formaldehyde in the warm season (May–September). In the daily dynamics of concentrations, peak values occur during daytime and evening hours, which is associated with the cumulative effect of pollution and traffic congestion in the evening rush hour. The minimum values are recorded in the cold season and in the morning hours. The morning “rush hour” does not affect the concentrations as the sampling takes place earlier. It has been established that meteorological conditions influence the concentration of formaldehyde. An increase in air temperature correlates with an increase in the concentration of formaldehyde, especially in the daytime and evening hours, which is explained by increased solar insolation and warming of the atmospheric air. An increase in wind strength and air humidity, on the contrary, reduces the content of pollutants in the air. An assessment of the impact of formaldehyde on the health of the population, associated with the presence of a carcinogen in the atmosphere, showed that the city of Lipetsk is characterized by the maximum acceptable risk. The individual carcinogenic risk for the Traktorny District and areas near busy highways (the Ring of the Pipe Plant intersection) is 6 · 10-5. This level of risk is assessed as the maximum acceptable. In these areas, the presence of formaldehyde in the air can provoke 5–6 additional cases of oncological diseases per year. Such values require monitoring and implementation of measures to reduce the negative impact.
Keywords: air pollution, formaldehyde, carcinogenic risks, meteorological conditions, atmosphere
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-073-079
Views: 38
The effects of clear cutting on the biodiversity of middle taiga blueberry spruce forests in the North-East of European Russia
Section: Monitoring of natural and anthropogenically disturbed areas
The article discusses the biodiversity dynamics of the components of secondary plant communities grown after winter clear cutting in the series of restoration of blueberry spruce forests in the bioclimatic conditions of the middle taiga subzone. For every succession stage (1(2)-year-old, 17(18)-year-old and 49(50)-year-old secondary communities and primary forest), about 20 descriptions (81 in total) were done. The authors separately describe the plant communities of forests swaths, skidding trails in cutting strip and main skid roads. On the basis of the obtained results, we determined species richness and biodiversity indices separately for tree, shrub, herb-dwarf shrubby, and moss layers.
Industrial logging has been found to have an extremely negative impact on the species richness of forest species which absolutely disappear (especially stenobionts), decrease in abundance and constancy. In secondary communities on the territory of forest swaths and skidding trails, we fixed a decrease in biodiversity in the tree, shrub and moss layers and an increase in the herb-dwarf shrubby layer due to invasion of meadow, edge, and peatland species against a decrease in the abundance of species normally dominating in forest ecosystems. At heavily disturbed areas of the cutting area (main trails), secondary communities increase in both the total species richness and biodiversity at any layer except for the woody layer. The recorded increase in values happens due to formation of communities of very active species from different ecologic and cenotic groups. The floristic composition of the disturbed forest phytocenosis does not recover in fifty years after the anthropogenic impact.
Keywords: biodiversity, succession, clearcutting, middle taiga, European North-East of Russia
Article published in number 2 for 2023 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-056-065
ISSN 1995-4301
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