Results of studying the main types of surfactants effect on earthworms Eisenia fetida andrey (Bouche, 1972) are presented. The worms were tested for survival and preference-avoidance behavioral reactions. Earthworms avoided sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 0.02 g/kg and above, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide – at 0.1 g/kg and above, and polysorbate 80 – at 30 mL/kg and above. The 100% mortality of earthworms occurred at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.02 g/kg of SDS on day 30, at 1 g/kg – on day 25, and at 1 g/kg – on day 2 of the experiment. Сetyltrimethylammonium bromide at 0.001 and 0.01 g/kg caused the 100% mortality of worms on day 30; at 0.1 g/kg – on day 25; at 0.5 g/kg – on day 5; and at 1.0 g/kg already on day 2 of the experiment. The 100% mortality of worms occurred at 0.1, 1 and 10 mL/kg of polysorbate 80 on day 30 of incubation; at 20 or 30 mL/kg – on day 20; at 50 mL/kg – on day 10 of experience. The following toxicity series (both in terms of g/L and in terms of g/mol) of the tested surfactants for earthworms was constructed on the basis of the results obtained (increasing toxicity): polysorbate 80 (non-ionic surfactant) < cetrimonium bromide (cationic surfactant) < sodium dodecyl sulfate (anion-active surfactant).
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-133-140
Views: 11
Effect of preliminary bioconversion of wheat straw on plant productivity in a model nature-like system
T.I. Zyubanova, O.M. Minaeva, E.E. Akimova, E.B. Daibova, N.N. Tereshchenko
Section: Ecologization of industry
Studies focused on maintaining high productivity and stability of artificial ecosystems that reproduce the processes of natural cenoses are relevant and interesting. It seems to be effective to include decomposers, detritivores and vegetative waste in model systems aimed at obtaining products. The use of earthworms as detritivores is promising because they utilize the organic matter as well as enrich the substrates with microflora including those with antagonistic and growth-stimulating activities. The aim of this study was to assess the prospects of preliminary bioconversion of wheat straw by basidiomycetes (Lentinus tigrinus and Pleurotus ostreatus) to increase the productivity of lettuce plants. The work was carried out in laboratory conditions with model systems consisting of a substrate (peat, cattle manure and wheat straw with and without bioconversion), earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa cultivar Credo). The leaf area, the weight of each plant (wet and dry), the productivity of lettuce plants, and the content of the main biogenic elements in the plant tissue and substrate were evaluated. The number and weight of adult worms at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and the number of juvenile worms at the end of the experiment, the number of cocoons, as well as coprolite weight and yield were considered. A significant phytotoxic effect when straw was added into the substrate was found. The addition of straw
processed by basidiomycetes (10%) in the substrate had a favorable effect on the earthworm population. Growing lettuce on substrates with bioconverted straw and with the earthworm introduction increases the content of major macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in plants. The introduction of earthworms contributed to a significant decrease in the phytotoxicity of substrates. Thus, it is possible to recommend the inclusion of fungiculture wastes (such as substrates after fruiting bodies obtaining) in green crop production systems together with the introduction of earthworms into substrates.
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-082-091
Views: 3
Climatic changes in annual river runoff of the Northern Okhotsk Sea region
V.E. Glotov, M.V. Ushakov
Section: Ecology and climate change
The aim of this study was to assess the climatic changes in the annual river runoff of the Northern Okhotsk Sea
region within the Magadan region. In the present work the analyzed series end with data for 2019. Observation series of river runoff at eight hydrological stations were used in this work. By the method of hydrological analogy, these series were brought to a multiyear period by restoring year-on-year values. Thus, the series of annual runoff for 1958–2019 were analyzed. The research method was the analysis of runoff time series for the presence of homogeneity in the mean (Student’s criterion), as well as spectral analysis. Comparison of mean long-term values of runoff layers for two periods (1958–2000 and 2001–2019) showed that the “norm” increased by 5–37%. It should be noted that these changes are not random according to the Student’s criterion with significance level of 5%. The presence of a trend in long-term water availability fluctuations is also evidenced by the time course of the dynamic mean annual runoff. Analysis of the runoff series, mean annual air temperature and total annual precipitation made it possible to conclude that annual runoff increase is caused by climatic changes, mainly by an increase in precipitation. It is possible that runoff increase is also due to the thawing of ice in the permafrost strata. But you should pay attention to the fact that with climate warming, moisture losses for evapotranspiration increase, primarily due to the growth of trees and shrubs. Moreover, this effect is more noticeable in large catchments. A 6-year cyclicity was revealed in the long-term fluctuations of annual runoff. These fluctuations are
most likely a non-stationary complex Markov process. The results of this work will be useful for hydrological calculations, long-term and ultra-long-term runoff forecasts, and studying the river – sea ecosystems. Further hydrological studies should be carried out with the obligatory study of evapotranspiration in various landscape conditions.
Keywords: climatic changes, cryolithozone, river runoff, evapotranspiration, time series, trend
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-226-233
Views: 5
Graph algorithms for calculating the distribution of the Amur tiger tracks in Primorsky Krai
G.Sh. Tsitsiashvili, V.N. Bocharnikov, S.M. Krasnopeev, M.A. Osipova
Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts
The paper analyzes the distribution of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) tracks in the Primorsky Krai municipalities according to observations obtained during the one-time winter count organized by the Pacific Institute of Geography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2005. This task is related to the need to calculate the number of animals based on the tracks of their vital activity. Based on the initial data we form a sample to analyze a set of tracks to identify intersection areas of various tiger habitats in Primorsky Krai. The map of Primorsky Krai municipalities was presented in the form of a planar graph to identify their intersections. A recurrent algorithm for identifying tiger clusters was developed using graph theory methods. According to them, the territory of Primorsky Krai is divided into northern, central, southern and southwestern zones with intersections. The districts of Primorsky Krai included in the designated zones are listed. The total number of tracks in intersecting adjacent zones was counted to identify possible tiger migrations in Primorsky Krai. A quantitative assessment of the degree of intersection of the selected zones by the number of tiger tracks is given. The proposed calculation scheme can be used to clarify and verify the results of modeling the spatial distribution and total population size of the Amur tiger.
Keywords: tiger clusters, planar graphs, number of tracks, zones of influence
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-020-028
Views: 7
Abiotic factors affect the Phragmites australis productivity in lakes in the south of Western Siberia
E.Yu. Zarubina
Section: Population ecology
The article presents the results of studying phytomass, stem height and density of thickets (herbage) of Phragmites australis, one of the most common aerial-aquatic plant in the south of Western Siberia. This region is distinguished by a rare combination of chloride, sulfate and soda lakes in a relatively small space. As an eurybiont, reed is highly resistant to water and soil salinity, but high salinity adversely affects its growth and development. The aim of the work was to assess the degree of abiotic factors (pH, mineralization) effect on the quantitative characteristics of reed growing in water bodies with different water mineralization: from 0.005 to 387.6 g/L. In total, we studied 59 freshwater, brackish-water (oligo-, meso- and polyhaline) and hypersaline water bodies, located in various natural zones (southern taiga, forest,
forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe) in the south of Western Siberia. The studies were carried out in late July – early August from 2012 to 2020 during the period of maximum vegetation of plants. As a result of the studies, it is shown that the optimal for reed growth and development is water mineralization from 0.5 to 5.0 g/L, when the highest values of biomass and plant height are observed. A model based on redundancy analysis (RDA) was built and a correlation analysis was carried out to assess the dependence of phytomass, shoot height and herbage density on abiotic factors. We took into account pH, salinity, and Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42- content. We found that pH and determined by Ca2+ water hardness are the limiting factors in freshwater lakes. In brackish-water meso- and polyhaline, as well as in saline hyperhaline water bodies reed phytomass is affected by a whole range of factors, while shoot height is affected by pH, chlorides, and water hardness, and grass stand density is affected by chlorides and sulfates.
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-200-209
Views: 2
Individual and geographic variability of Picea obovata cones in the Russian part of its area in relation to the seeds quantity in them
P.P. Popov, M.N. Kazantseva, S.P. Arefyev
Section: Population ecology
The cone length of Picea obovata Ledeb. is closely related to the seeds quantity that causes the importance of full-scale study of this indicator. Studies were carried out in the entire Russian part of the P. obovata range from Murmansk region to Transbaikalia and Yakutia. It was found that geographical variability of cone length is relatively small (44–77 mm) and significantly inferior to individual variability (45–110 mm). The coefficient of a variation is 10 and 14%, respectively. We found that in the total population of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and P. obovata determined by their strong introgressive hybridization, cones of P. obovata is the category small and average. It is reasonable to distinguish an additional category of very small cones. The established categories of cones are characterized by the following length: very small 50 (54 mm and less), small 60 (55–64 mm) and medium 70 (65 mm and more). The approximate number of full seeds in them at good yields is 76 (less in extreme conditions of the Far North), 78–92 and 94–108 pieces, respectively. These figures are important for assessing the processes of spruce forest regeneration. Geographical distribution of average cone length in the studied territory it is not clearly expressed. The smallest cones are characteristic of spruce populations along Arctic Circle and in the Polar Regions, while in populations of the southern part of the range they are much larger. The majority of the Russian populations of P. obovata (about 2/3) have cones 65–70 mm long. The content of full seeds in cones is rather small.
Keywords: Picea obovata, species range, Russia, cone length, number of seeds in cones
Article published in number 3 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-3-192-199
Views: 4
The potential of plastic biodegradation by basidial fungi and actinobacteria (review)
I.G. Shirokikh, А.А. Shirokikh
Section: Theoretical problems of ecology
With the ever-increasing production and consumption of plastics, inadequate management of plastic waste and its improper disposal pose a significant threat to the environment, affecting all forms of life, natural ecosystems and economies worldwide. In the face of this threat the search for alternative environmentally friendly solutions such as biodegradation instead of traditional recycling is of paramount importance. Currently knowledge about the mechanisms and effectiveness of plastics biodegradation is focused mainly on such groups of microorganisms as Gram-negative bacteria and fungi ascomycetes. The aim of this review is to highlight the ideas available in the literature about the potential decomposition of the most common plastic waste (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane) as a result of biotic processes. Basidial fungi and actinobacteria have not yet found practical application
in the technologies of processing and utilization of synthetic plastics. We discuss the ability of specific representatives of the two above taxonomic groups to decompose various synthetic polymers. The unique strategies of basidial fungi such as a powerful enzymatic system, the ability to absorb and produce natural biosurfactants – hydrophobins, allowed fungi to use plastics as a source of carbon and energy are considered. The possible contribution of mainly thermophilic
actinobacteria of the genera Thermobifida, Thermoactinomyces, Thermomonospora, Saccharomonospora, Actinomadura, Microbispora and Streptomyces in improving the plastic waste disposal in order to create effective and sustainable plastic management practices has been characterized.
Keywords: pollution, plastic waste, biodegradation, microorganisms, enzymatic systems
Article published in number 2 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-2-006-021
Views: 55
Obtaining heterological rhamnolipid producers for industrial production of highly-effective biosurfactant
M.N. Baramzin, S.G. Litvinets, E.A. Martinson
Section: Remediation and rehabilitation
Rhamnolipids are promising microbial glycolipid biosurfactants that can be used as preparations for soil bioremediation in oil pollution. The expression of the rhamnolipid biosynthesis gene cluster in the main producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is regulated by quorum sensing signals (QS). Complex biosynthesis regulation does not allow achieving high product yields. The production of heterologous rhamnolipid producers is a promising way to overcome the complex QS-dependent regulation of rhamnolipid biosynthesis, and also avoids the use of opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the industrial production of rhamnolipids. Heterologous Escherichia coli BLWT-based producers with a transformant E14 productivity of 3.40±0.96 g/L were obtained on the basis of the plasmid vector pAl2–T with a construct from the native promoter and rhlAB genes, and Pseudomonas viridiflava AlC1223-based ones with the productivity of transformants P5, P6, P8 332.00±0.10, 200.00±0.10 and 180.00±0.10 g/L, respectively. The presence of rhlAB genes in the expression vector allows the obtaining monorhamnolipids for further use as an agent for the solubilization of soil hydrophobic pollutant (e. g. petroleum products), which will intensify bioremediation processes.
By-products of animal husbandry (BPAH) such as manure, manure effluents (ME) are widely used as organic
fertilizers. The main disadvantage of the appropriate fertilizers is the high content of microorganisms (MO) untypical to uncontaminated natural environments, including pathogenic ones. Currently used natural methods of BPAH neutralization can significantly reduce the risks of transferring pathogenic and opportunistic MO into fertilized soil, but do not completely exclude them. The study examined the effects of long-term (more than 7 years) introduction of a neutralized liquid fraction (LF) of pork ME and cattle ME on the chemical composition and sanitary and hygienic condition of the soil of arable fields and wooded areas located at 500 m from the boundaries of the fields. Prolonged application of LF led to an increase in the content of organic matter, mobile phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, an increase in the amount of absorbed bases, a decrease in metabolic acidity in arable land compared with adjacent forest areas. However the sanitary condition of both arable land and adjacent territories deteriorated significantly. A significant increase in the total microbial number (TMN) was revealed in all soil samples in comparison to the normative indicators. Particularly high values of TMN were found in soil fertilized with cattle manure. The corresponding soil was characterized by the highest
content of organic matter and neutral reactions of the environment, which provided favorable conditions for the active development of saprophytic microbiota. Fresh faecal contamination was detected in all selected soil samples. Soils are characterized as highly polluted. According to the indicators of the index Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens, the soils of all studied sites are moderately dangerous. Higher values of the corresponding indices were found in arable land fertilized by the LF of pork farms and in the territories adjacent to arable land. In the course of sanitary and bacteriological studies, eggs of helminthes were not found in the soil.
Article published in number 2 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-2-201-210
Views: 44
Some patterns of the accumulation of trace elements in the leaves of linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and birch (Betula alba L.)
A.V. Gorbunov, D.B. Petrenko, A.A. Dronova
Section: Chemistry of natural environments and objects
The purpose of the work: to study the patterns of background accumulation of trace elements during the spring-summer-autumn season in the vegetative organs (leaves) of the heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and white birch (Betula alba L.). Samples were taken on the territory of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences during one season of 2018 from the same tree with an interval of 10–12 days, starting from the opening of the bud (end of April) right up to the time of leaf fall. Soil samples were also taken from birch and linden growing areas. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory of Chemical analytical methods of the GIN RAS using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INАA) and atomic absorption spectrometry of cold vapor (AA). The concentration of trace elements in the selected soil samples corresponds to the concept of “background” contents. Two types of trace elements’ distribution in linden and birch leaves during the season have been revealed. The first type is a uniform accumulation of trace elements with a maximum at the end of the season (Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Br, Sb, La). The second type of distribution is characterized by a maximum concentration of trace elements in the middle of the season with a decrease in concentration by the time of leaf fall (K, As, Zn, Cd, Pb). It should be noted that the range of changes in the concentration of trace elements during the season in both cases can reach 10–15 times. We recommend to take samples of vegetation (leaves) as soon as possible in the middle of the summer season, and to use samples taken at the same time in the same area as “background”.
ISSN 1995-4301
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