ISSN 1995-4301(Print)
ISSN 2618-8406
(Online)
Current issues:
Online version of the journal
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Select viewing optionsAssessment of the aquatic ecosystem status using the new integral age index |
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| I.V. Germashev, E.V. Derbisher, A.I. Novokshchyonova, V.E. Derbisher | ||||
| Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts |
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| Using an integral ecological indicator (index) of aquatic biocenoses calculated using fuzzy mathematics methods, the state of selected reservoirs in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain Natural Park of the Volgograd region was analyzed. Four-year observations of several reservoirs were taken as initial data. As a result of these data analysis, a fuzzy model was proposed that allows estimating changes in the succession age based on a number of aquatic plants indicators. The model relies on fuzzy numbers, which make it possible to take into account ncertainties and inaccuracies already during calculations; and for the obtained results, having a known level of uncertainty, to carry out their adequate interpretation. The originality of the research method lies in determining the age characteristics of phytocenoses of water bodies in fuzzy conditions using the index of the full succession age. Water quality assessment serves as the basis for information support for monitoring environmental changes occurring in natural and artificial aquatic biocenoses in order to take measures to reduce the degradation of water bodies. The proposed integral method for determining the age stages of succession of aquatic biocenoses, together with laboratory and (or) field studies, allows for a quantitative analysis of environmental situations, building mathematical models of them. The above method can be a computational element for monitoring changes in the ecological state of water bodies. The proposed integral approach has a universal character and can be used to solve environmental problems related to the analysis of results expressed in fuzzy numbers. | ||||
| Keywords: biocenosis, reservoir, the age stage of succession, water quality, monitoring, fuzzy model |
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| Article published in number 1 for 2025 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-040-048 |
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Biotic factors’ potential in controlling the spread of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (review) |
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| T.Ya. Ashikhmina, T.A. Adamovich, E.V. Tovstik | ||||
| Section: Theoretical problems of ecology |
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| This review examines natural pests, competitors of the Heracleum sosnowsky. Special attention is paid to the role of mutualism in the invasiveness of hogweed. the parsnip yellow spot virus, larvae of the weevil (Lixus iridis (Olivier, 1807)), agromyzid flies (Phytomyza pastinacae (Hendel, 1923)), umbrella moth (Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783)), scoops (Dasypolia temple (Thunberg, 1792)), depressariids (Depressaria radiella (Goeze, 1783)), celery fly (Euleia heraclei (Linnaeus, 1758)), lamellate beetles (Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 1761)), caterpillars of the Kamchatka Swallowtail (Papilio machaon (Linnaeus, 1758)) significantly damaged Heracleum sosnowsky. Thrips vulgatissimus (Haliday, 1836) feeds on the sap, while Lixus iridis eat leaves and stems of the above mentioned hogweed. Phoma complanate (Tode) (=Calophoma complanate) is a phytopathogenic fungi that damage Heracleum sosnowsky. Powdery mildew, ascochitosis and cylindrosporosis are most common fungal diseases of the giant hogweed. Shellfish farming and livestock grazing curb the spread of hogweed. Due to the lack of competition in the environment, the importance of its artificial creation is discussed. The fast-growing perennial grasses create dense turf that prevents germinating of hogweed seeds. Poa pratensis L., Alopecurus pratensis L., Bromus inermis Leyss., Festuca rubra L., Phlum pratense L., Lolium perenne L., Helianthus tuberosus L., and Galega orientalis Lam. are among them. Replacement crops, such as Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L., can compete in vacant lots and abandoned lands. The success of the hogweed populations introduction depends on the presence of pollinators, the spread of its seeds by animals and humans; symbiosis with fungi and bacteria. The possibility of limiting the spread of hogweed through the absence of species that improve its adaptability is discussed. It was concluded that biological control agents are promising to use and additional studies is needed to reduce the number of Heracleum sosnowsky and eliminate negative consequences for the environment. | ||||
| Keywords: biological control agents, viruses, insects, phytopathogenic fungi, competition, perennial grasses, replacement crops |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-006-014 |
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Integrated recycling of catalyst waste into composite materials |
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| S.L. Fuchs, S.V. Devyaterikova | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| The steam conversion of natural gas produces carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrogen is used in the synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid. These products are used to obtain ammonium nitrate, which is used as a nitrogen fertilizer and a base substance for explosives. Natural gas is decomposed on the nickel catalyst. Due to the reactions of methane and carbon monoxide reduction to carbon, the catalyst granules are covered with a layer of carbon. Finely dispersed carbon penetrates the pores of the carrier and forms a layer on its surface that shields the catalyst granules and reduces its efficiency. The catalyst must be replaced. In Russia, the most common catalysts are nickel-based aluminum oxide catalysts. Attempts to restore the catalyst waste to its original characteristics do not yield positive result. In this regard, an urgent task is the development of technologies for the extraction and purification of components of spent catalysts. The object of the research was cylindrical granules of spent GIAP–8 catalyst, consisting of a porous carrier γ-Al2O3 with nickel oxide applied to its surface, covered with a layer of carbon. During the decomposition of GIAP–8 catalyst waste, three components were isolated: aluminum oxide, ultrafine carbon powder and nickel salts. Aluminum oxide was used to create plastic-based composites. The resulting plastic–aluminum oxide composite material has high impact strength, but is destroyed at a bending angle of 45–35 degrees. Therefore, its use can only be recommended for the manufacture of massive products. The nickel salts were used to prepare the plating electrolyte, aluminum oxide was used to obtain a coating of “nickel–aluminum oxide”. The maximum aluminum oxide content in the coating was achieved at 25 g/L dispersed phase concentration in the electrolyte. The optimal cathode current density was 2–3 A/dm2. | ||||
| Keywords: catalyst, waste, nickel, aluminum oxide, composite materials and coatings |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-122-128 |
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Eco-efficiency as the basis for sustainability development of the region |
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| V.M. Karaulov, L.V. Karaulova, V.N. Pugach, E.V. Karanina | ||||
| Section: Social ecology |
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| The article examines issues of sustainable development of regions from the perspective of ensuring environmental efficiency and environmental well-being. Approaches to studying the relationship between economic growth and environmental impact are presented. Simple models for diagnosing the impact of a growing economy on the environment, including the environmental efficiency of the regional economy, are proposed. The author’s research methodology is based on the environmental load coefficient, which is calculated as the volume of impact on the environment per unit of gross regional product equal to the value equivalent of a fixed set of consumer goods and services. The environmental efficiency indicator is based on the inverse of the environmental load coefficient and reflects changes in the environmental friendliness of the economy relative to the base period. Studying the dynamics of environmental load makes it possible to assess the environmental efficiency of the economy, including from the standpoint of decaplin. Using the author’s methodology, the work diagnoses the environmental efficiency of the economies of the regions of the Volga Federal District in 2010–2021 using the example of air pollution. In general, there is an increase in environmental efficiency and environmental well-being, but the situation among the subjects is heterogeneous and varies by different types of pollution and by region. In some cases, environmental factors have deteriorated. An analysis of environmental efficiency for the Kirov region is presented in more detail. It has been established that the region is one of the three leaders in the anti-rating of environmental efficiency of the economies of the constituent entities of the Volga Federal District regarding emissions of solid substances, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide into the atmospheric air. In general, a conclusion is made about the low environmental efficiency of the economy of the Kirov region. |
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| Keywords: economic growth, sustainable development, decoupling, environmental well-being, eco-efficiency, environmental efficiency of the economy |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-211-224 |
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Study of the possibility of regenerative recycling of waste copper plating electrolytes |
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| M.A. Shumilova, F.F. Chausov, D.K. Zhirov, I.S. Kazantseva, N.N. Pastukhova, I.K. Averkiev | ||||
| Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts |
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| The possibility of regenerative recycling of waste copper plating solution was studied. The process was based on the reagent method using 10% solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate as precipitants. The required amount of precipitant was determined by potentiometric titration. We found that the molar ratio between the precipitant and copper ions is 2.2 to 1. The optimal pH value for solutions during precipitation with alkali was 11, and for soda solution – 10. The degree of metal ions extraction from the waste copper plating electrolyte in these conditions exceeds 99%. By methods of IR spectroscopy and simultaneous thermal analysis, it was established that the interaction of copper ions with alkali produces copper(II) hydroxide, and with sodium carbonate – copper(II) dihydroxydicarbonate (an analog of the natural material azurite). A simulation of the technological scheme for the regenerative recycling of waste copper plating solutions with the obtaining of new working electrolytes was carried out. Copper coatings applied to steel products using the resulting alkali working solutions satisfy the production requirements. Based on the experimental data obtained the disposal of 1 m3 of waste copper plating solutions required about 62 kg of sodium hydroxide or 26 kg of sodium carbonate. Economic calculations have shown that the cost of copper sulfate returned to production is almost 2 times higher than the cost of alkali and acid and 2.1 times higher than the cost of sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid. Taking into account the quality of the applied copper coating the most appropriate option is the regenerative recycling of waste copper plating solutions using alkali. | ||||
| Keywords: waste copper plating solution, regenerative recycling, IR spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) dihydroxydicarbonate |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-049-055 |
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Current state of the tree layer of middle taiga coniferous and deciduous forests (case-study of the test site “Lyalsky”, Komi Republic) |
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| A.V. Manov, А.F. Osipov, S.V. Zagirova | ||||
| Section: Ecology and climate change |
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| Forests occupy a dominant position in the vegetation cover of the Komi Republic and play a key role in maintaining ecological balance in the Subarctic region. In recent decades they have been subjected to intensive development and technogenic impact, which leads to degradation and destruction of significant areas of taiga forests. The main factors affecting the composition, structure and condition of these forests are logging, fires, windthrow, pests, diseases, aerotechnogenic emissions from industrial enterprises and energy facilities. Application of the landscape approach to monitoring and protection of taiga forests implies assessment of vitality structure of stands. The aim of this work was to assess the vital state of stands of coniferous and deciduous forests at the test site “Lyalsky”, organized in 2023 in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic. The research was carried out on 29 permanent sample plots created in the most common forest types in the region. The test site territory is covered with mature and ripe spruce and pine formations, as well as overmatures birch and aspen forests. These stands form mixed, medium- and low bonitet, mixed-age stands representing different types of plant communities with different moisture levels. The results show that the stands on the site are generally characterized as healthy, with high tree vigour. Only in some areas with deciduous species (birch, aspen) there is a slight weakening of their condition, which is due to the preservation of old specimens of trees or competitive relationships between young individuals. The results obtained will be used to compare data on the vital state of trees with estimates of phytomass and carbon stocks in forests in specially protected areas, and will also serve as a basis for long-term monitoring at the landscape level. | ||||
| Keywords: middle taiga, forest ecosystems, vital state of stands, landscape approach, forest monitoring |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-201-210 |
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Methods of control and monitoring of organophosphorus compounds in natural environments |
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| O.Y. Rastegaev, T.Ya. Ashikhmina, S.N. Chernikov | ||||
| Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts |
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| Methods of control and monitoring of organophosphorus compounds in natural environments while organophosphorus compounds (OPCs – Vx) utilization are proposed. It was found that environmental control standards and quality standards of natural environments were not exceeded. Environmental control was carried out as a planned control of pollutant sources (emissions, discharges, process waters, waste and reaction masses), while environmental monitoring analyzed the main objects of the natural environment (atmospheric air, soil cover, natural and groundwater, snow cover) was carried out. The volume of eco-analytical studies conducted within the framework of environmental control and monitoring amounted to 200 plots and objects of control and monitoring, more than 250 indicators. Natural water, groundwater, snow cover were monitored according to 57 indicators, atmospheric air – for 10 indicators, soil cover, bottom sediments – for 11 indicators. Summary data of the state environmental control and monitoring in 2006–2009 during the period of utilization of organophosphorus compounds (FOS – Vx) are presented. The methodological base of eco-analytical support for the utilization of FOS has been supplemented and implemented, 14 methods for the determination of phosphorus-containing substances – O-isobutylmethylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid, their total content (the indicator “total phosphorus”) were developed and adapted. The development of methods is based on the justification of the ranges of determined concentrations, taking into account the technological parameters of the disposal processes, experimental justification of sampling, sample preparation and analytical termination on target substances. These methods were tested on real control and monitoring objects and certified in accordance with the established procedure. The OPCs disposal process was carried out normally. No OPCs and their degradation products were detected in environmental objects during the entire observation period, and no negative environmental effect was established. | ||||
| Keywords: environmental control, environmental monitoring, organophosphorus compounds, environmental control standards, environmental quality standards |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-089-095 |
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Cadmium sources, limit analysis, environmental mitigation strategy (review) |
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| D.V. Petukhov, E.V. Tovstik | ||||
| Section: Theoretical problems of ecology |
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| The paper systematizes information on anthropogenic environmental pollution by cadmium, pathways of Cd distribution, toxicity, and strategies to reduce Cd content in soil and crop products. The relevance stems from the need to develop strategies to prevent long-term exposure to cadmium in the human body, which has significant consequences for public health and environmental safety. The paper analyzes in detail the sources and migration pathways of cadmium in the environment. It is shown that cadmium is one of the main air and soil pollutants in industrial regions. Its presence in the environment is aggravated by natural phenomena. Cadmium compounds are capable of traveling long distances with air currents, resulting in deposition in areas remote from pollution sources. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in the soil and its subsequent transfer to plants, which leads to its penetration into the food chain. Cd is non-essential element for plants. Cadmium has carcinogenic properties. Once in the human body, it blocks enzyme functions and can provoke serious diseases. Due to the high danger, cadmium content is normalized in soil (from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg), fertilizers (3 and 20 mg/kg P2O5), food (0.02–1.0 mg/kg), food grains (0.1 mg/kg), animal feed (0.3–0.4 mg/kg). Phytoremediation is an effective way to reduce the ingress of cadmium into the food chain. Lantana camara L., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Brassica napus L., Nicotiana tabacum L., castor oil are used as cadmium hyperaccumulators. Soil acidification, inoculation with endophytic bacterial strains, chelating organic additives, and transformation of hyperaccumulator plants with phytochelatin genes encoding the synthesis of metal-binding peptides have been used to enhance phytoremediation efficiency. Agronomic methods that regulate the absorption of toxic metal by agricultural crops can significantly reduce the effects of cadmium in the human body. Increasing the resistance of plants to cadmium stress and reducing the accumulation of toxic metal in them are among them. | ||||
| Keywords: cadmium, migration, maximum permissible concentration, soil, grain, remediation |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-015-025 |
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Wastewater and waste technological solutions with high salt content treatment from metal ions and organic compounds by the sorption method in the reactor |
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| V.A. Brodskiy, S.W. Jima, Hein Thu Aung, A.E. Lebedev, A.R. Yavorskiy, N.M. Makarova | ||||
| Section: Ecologization of industry |
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| Wastewater from chemical, metallurgical, processing, enrichment and galvanic industries is characterized by increased content of heavy metal ions (HM), extremely high salt organic pollutants content. Heavy metals in industrial wastewater are hazardous for ecosystems due to their non-biodegradability and toxicity. Various methods have been developed to remove HM ions from industrial wastewater. The adsorption method remains one of the effective ones due to its ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, wide range of available adsorbents and ability to remove both organic and inorganic pollutants. In this paper the background salinity effect on the copper, nickel and zinc ions removal from model wastewater by adsorption process was studied. Activated carbon BAU-A was used to extract HM ions from a model wastewater solution. Sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were used in different concentrations (up to 200 g/L) at pH 2.5. We found that maximum Cu(II) removal efficiency was 97% with 50 g/L NaCl content. The maximum Ni(II) and Zn(II) adsorption (58 and 75% respectively) was in solution with 50 g/L and 150 g/L NaCl+Na2SO4 (1:1), respectively, after 2-hour sorption process in the reactor. The study examined the effect of time on sorption on the efficiency of the metal ion extraction process. The maximum Cu(II) sorption was after 3 hours of the sorption process and it was 98% in Na2SO4 solution (100 g/L). The study showed that the extraction efficiency by sorption decreases in the Cu – Zn – Ni series. The salt content and sorption time has significant effect on adsorption of HM ions. | ||||
| Keywords: adsorption, activated carbon, electroplating, heavy metals, wastewater |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-129-137 |
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Phytoremediation of technogenic landscapes using plants of the genus Salix L. |
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| E.N. Terebova, N.V. Oreshnikova, M.A. Pavlova | ||||
| Section: Remediation and rehabilitation |
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| The phytoremediation potential of species of the genus Salix L. (Willow) was studied during the remediation of the industrial landfill of the OJSC “Karelsky Okatysh”. A plantation was created at this landfill in 2014. 7 species of the genus Salix were used for this purpose. The technogenic soil of the landscape was contaminated with iron up to 56 g/kg and was poor in basic macro- and microelements. Biomorphological (growth, organ weight) and physiological indicators (photosynthetic pigments content, leaf cell wall composition), as well as metal accumulation (biological absorption coefficient of metals (BAC)), were analyzed for willow plants during 4 years. We found that S. schwerinii (93%), S. phylicifolia (80%), and S. viminalis (70%) had the maximum survival rate after planting. The photosynthetic pigments content and the special leaf index (SLA) of S. phylicifolia and S. shcwerinii leaves allowed us to evaluate the photosynthetic function of plants as optimal in conditions of soil iron contamination and a lack of macro-microelements. The average series of metal accumulation by a whole plant in species of the genus Salix is as follows: Zn (31.92) > Cd (11.83) > Mn (5.10) > Pb (4.64) > Cu (4.40) > Cr (1. 47) > Co (1.45) > Li (0.41) > Fe (0.17). Due to the high ion exchange capacity of the willow leaf tissues cell wall (1120–2050 µmol/g of dry cell wall weight), metals can µind in the plant µody. Phenolic and pectin suµstances dominate in the structure of the cell wall of willow leaves. Willows will continue to perform the function of afforestation of technogenic territory and create conditions for the development of a productive forest phytocenosis. | ||||
| Keywords: phytoremediation, Salix, metals, iron ore production, cell wall, growth, photosynthetic pigments, biological absorption coefficient |
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| Article published in number 4 for 2024 DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2024-4-175-183 |
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36, Moskovskya street, Kirov, 610000, Editorial Board "Theoretical and Applied Ecology." Phone/fax: (8332) 37-02-77 e-mail: envjournal@vyatsu.ru The journal was founded in 2007 |
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