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Hygiene assessment of the spring water quality based on a risk-oriented approach

K.A. Savina, D.E. Ivanov, A.V. Kosarev, A.V. Shorina, Yu.A. Pankratova

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

The work considers the safety of the use of springs in the Saratov region as alternative sources of water supply. The objects of the study were 31 springs. Due to the increased anthropogenic load, special attention was paid to 11 springs in the city of Saratov. Studies were conducted during 2018 for 25 chemical indicators, according to Sanitary Regulation SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The water quality of 65% of the springs surveyed by chemical indicators corresponds to sanitary standards, 35% of the springs studied exceed the MAC at least one indicator, the percentage of samples with excesses on several indicators was 23. Most often, the excess of the established standards is noted for the sanitary and chemical indicators of arid territories: total hardness (31%), the content of manganese (31%), nitrates (23%), total iron (8%). According to the contribution to the risk of olfactory-reflex effects, the priority pollutants of the springs of the Saratov region can be arranged in descending order: manganese, hardness, chlorides, nitrates, iron. Spring water pollution in the Saratov region is associated with the interaction of stratal waters with sedimentary rocks of aquifers, as well as agricultural activities.

Keywords: springs, sanitary and chemical indicators of water quality, organoleptic risk, manganese, iron, nitrates

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Article published in number 1 for 2022
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2022-1-050-055

Production of pigments for concrete based on iron-containing industrial waste

N.V. Syrchina, L.V. Pilip

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

Iron-containing industrial waste (Fe-waste) can be used as secondary raw materials for the production of iron oxide pigments (PIO). The basis of PIO is hematite Fe2O3 (red), goethite FeOOH (yellow), magnetite Fe3O4 (black). Pyrite cinders, spent iron oxide catalysts, waste of synthesis pigment TiO2, acid mine waters, gas cleaning sludge of converter production, waste from processing bauxite into alumina, spent pickling solutions and others can be used for processing in PIO. The main consumer of PIO is the construction industry. A variety of colors, resistance to sunlight, atmospheric factors, alkalis and weak acids, good hygienic characteristics will make it possible to use PIO as fillers for painting concrete, brick, paving slabs, tiles in various shades of red, yellow, orange, brown. The color range of PIO can be expanded due to the inclusion of additives in the composition of pigments: oxides of various metals, organic chromophores and others. The classic processes of Laux and Penniman, methods of precipitation and thermal decomposition, simplified process solutions based on the calcination of iron-rich waste can be used for convert waste in pigments. Pigments obtained by classical methods are characterized by a stable composition and higher quality than pigments obtained by simplified methods. The advantages of simplified technologies are the minimum amount of secondary waste generated, low costs for the introduction of technologies into practice, and the moderate cost of the resulting PIO. The main disadvantage of the classical and simplified technological solutions proposed by various authors is the poor study of issues related to the disposal of the resulting secondary waste. Rational way out of this problem will make it possible to successfully implement an integrated approach to the processing of raw materials and return thousands of tons Fe-waste stored at landfills to the economic turnover.

Keywords: iron-containing waste, pigments for concrete, iron oxide pigments, technology of iron oxide pigments

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-050-057

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: characteristics, sources, standardization, spectroscopic determination methods (review)

O.A. Plotnikova, G.V. Melnikov, E.I. Tikhomirova

Section: Theoretical problems of ecology

The review presents relevant data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): physical and chemical characteristics, sources of release into the environment, impact on human health, sanitary and hygienic regulation, methods of sample preparation and detection. PAHs are found everywhere in nature: in geological sediments, soil, air, water, snow, plant and animal tissues. Many of the PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic activity. The content of PAHs, as a class of organic pollutants with a complex mechanism of action, should be mainly controlled during environmental monitoring. All measures to reduce the level of environmental pollution in Russia are based on control over the content of harmful substances, which is regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards. The wide distribution of PAHs in trace concentrations and their ability to accumulate in various objects necessitates the development of effective methods for their control. Special attention in the review is paid to modern spectroscopic methods for the determination of PAHs in environmental objects: spectrophotometry, low-temperature Shpol’skii luminescence, molecular fluorescence analysis, micellar-stabilized and solid-phase luminescence, phosphorescence at room temperature, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A comparative analysis of the methods allows us to conclude that the sensitivity of the methods of molecular luminescence analysis, as a rule, exceeds the methods of spectrophotometry. The main limitations of the methods of molecular luminescence analysis are associated with insufficiently high versatility and selectivity. Further studies to improve spectroscopic control methods aimed at eliminating interfering influences and improving the selectivity and sensitivity of methods for analyzing multicomponent PAH mixtures in environmental monitoring are promising.

Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sources of PAHs, effect on human health, spectroscopic methods, absorption, luminescence

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-012-019

Possibility of disposal of plastic waste using micromycetes Fusarium solani and Trichoderma lignorum

S.G. Skugoreva, E.A. Gornostaeva, A.A. Burkov, T.I. Kutyavina, K.I. Yuzhanin, L.I. Domracheva, T.Ya. Ashikhmina

Section: Remediation and rehabilitation

The effect of micromycetes (MM) Fusarium solani and Trichoderma lignorum on the biodegradation of plastics (sevilene, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, fluoroplast-4) after 10 years of exposure in an aqueous medium in a closed system was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that destruction was most complete in the case of polyamide, and less intense in the case of sevilen. The cultivation of MM with these polymers led to a significant alkalization of the medium, an increase in the specific electrical conductivity and the concentration of inorganic ions in the aqueous suspension, which is associated with the vital activity of microbial cells. In a suspension of three polymers (polyamide, polystyrene, and polycarbonate) favorable conditions are created for the life of MM, especially for T. lignorum, which may indirectly indicate the possibility of using the products of destruction of these polymers by fungi as nutrients. The maximum values of the content of suspended solids and the minimum coefficient of light transmission in the suspension, which indirectly indicate a greater mass of mycelium, are established for the variants of polyamide, polycarbonate and polystyrene with micromycetes. The maximum content of organic substances in suspensions, determined by the COD index, was noted for samples of sevilene, polystyrene and polyethylene (control and with MM), the minimum – for samples of fluoroplast-4. The proof of the MM viability after 10 years of exposure was the powerful growth of mycelium on the surface of the nutrient medium in all variants during their microbiological inoculation, which indicates that the studied polymers served as a carbon source for fungi for a long time. The results of the study showed that the polymers most utilized by the studied types of ММ were polyamide, polycarbonate and polystyrene. To accelerate the biodegradation of polymers, it is necessary to optimize the conditions, in particular, to carry out the process with the introduction of certain nutrients that accelerate the growth of MM.

Keywords: sevilen, polyamide, polyethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, fluoroplast-4, biodegradation, micromycetes, Fusarium solani, Trichoderma lignorum

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-193-202

Problems of legal regulation of medical waste disposal

E.D. Vetoshkina, E.S. Koshcheeva, M.A. Smirnov

Section: Social ecology

The article is devoted to an urgent problem in the field of environmental safety – legal regulation of medical waste management at the level of federal legislation, as well as trends in the normative consolidation of the medical waste disposal system being created. The selected legislative mechanism for special regulation in the field of medical waste disposal is the most optimal model of legal regulation. Exemption of the specified category from the scope of Federal Law No.89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” of June 24, 1998 contributes to the environmental safety on issues of medical waste disposal. On the other hand, a serious problem of legal regulation has been identified. The result of the study is a recommendation on the need for special legal regulation of the medical waste management system at the level of the law. The normative model of special regulation on the example of the draft law “On conducting experiments on the organization and centralized management of medical and biological waste in the Moscow region and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” is assessed by the authors positively in terms of differentiating the concepts of “medical waste” and “biological waste”, but the idea of introducing a regional operator and the principles of public-private partnership (by analogy with the model of solid waste disposal) is criticized.

Keywords: medical waste, regulation, liability in the field of medical waste circulation, legal regulation model

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-224-229

Technological solutions and experience of industrial processing of liquid acid-alkaline waste

V.А. Brodskiy, А.V. Kolesnikov, Yu.O. Malkova, P.N. Kisilenko, A.V. Perfileva

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

At industrial enterprises, there are remnants of materials and raw materials that were formed during production and lost their initial properties. These materials are commonly referred to as man-made waste. The analysis of waste of hazard classes I and II from the list of Federal Classification Catalog of Waste showed that it is necessary to process such liquid waste as spent acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric), residues of alkaline reagents (potassium and sodium hydroxides), spent solutions for treating metal surfaces (phosphating, oxidation, degreasing, passivation, etching, etc.), spent electrolytes (nickel plating, galvanizing, cadmium, etc.), etc. A characteristic feature of this type of waste is a significant content of toxic ions of heavy metals, petroleum products, an increased salt background. The listed wastes are close to those that are formed in electroplating industries and in the production of inorganic materials. This made it possible to prepare proposals for technological solutions for the integrated processing of liquid waste of hazard classes I and II. The paper presents the data of laboratory studies and industrial tests of the process of purification of acid-base wastewater and waste technological solutions from poorly soluble metal compounds, as well as organic compounds of various nature. The high efficiency of the combined use of the reagent method, electroflotation, membrane filtration and sorption methods for wastewater treatment from metal ions and organic pollutants is shown. The following technological indicators of purification efficiency have been achieved: the efficiency of extraction of metal ions in the form of poorly soluble compounds is 96–99%, the efficiency of extraction of petroleum products, industrial oils and surfactants is more than 90%.

Keywords: waste water, metal ions, petroleum products, reagent treatment, electroflotation, filtration, sorption

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-034-042

Ecology and sustainable development: priorities of science and education

D.S. Ermakov

Section: Chronicle

We present results of the discussion about the state and prospects of scientific research in the field of ecology and sustainable development at the All-Russian scientific and practical seminar "Ecology and sustainable development: priorities of science and education" (May 31, 2021, A. N. Severtsov Institute of ecology and evolution of Russian academy of sciences, Moscow), which was attended by employees of research institutes and environmental institutions, teachers of schools and universities, representatives of executive and legislative authorities, public organizations. Experts in the field of ecology, geography, sociology, economics, political science, pedagogy discussed the importance of studying and solving problems of sustainable development, which are currently considered mainly in the socio-economic aspect, primarily from an environmental point of view. We need special research which will link the mechanisms of ensuring the sustainability of natural systems of different levels and societies, as well as to implement them in practice with the active assistance of the education and enlightenment system, the interested participants which are decision-makers, and the general population. The necessity of greening the economy and nature management, improving legislation, state, and local governance, preserving biological diversity and the environmental functions of natural ecosystems, mitigating and preventing the negative effects of climate change, providing reliable information about the state of the environment and overcoming "scientific myths" about sustainable development, training qualified personnel and developing talents in the field of ecology is emphasized. According to the results of the seminar, it was noted that at the global plan we need new meanings and development priorities. At the same time, current scientific results and expert assessments should be involved in the process of making political and socio-economic decisions, developing state, regional and municipal programs; they should be brought to the attention of the general public (particularly, in a popular form, through the mass media) and used for implementation of training courses and educational projects.

Keywords: ecology, sustainable development, scientific research, education, seminar

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: -

Complex processing of phosphatic ores enrichment waste

D.Y. Turaev, I.A. Pochitalkina

Section: Ecologization of industry

The production of high-quality phosphate fertilizers, in particular calcium acid phosphates, requires the use of ore rich in phosphates (above 28 wt.% P2O5 ) and containing a minimum amount of impurities, including harmful ones. The absence of such large natural deposits leads to the need to enrich the existing phosphate ore containing an average amount of phosphates (14–23% P2O5 ) and contaminated with various impurities. Enrichment of polymineral phosphate ores leads to the production of their concentrates and waste (sludge). Sludge is a mixture of clay impurities, iron compounds, phosphate substances contained in the original ore, as well as toxic surfactants used in its flotation enrichment. This prevents the use of sludge as a secondary source of raw materials in any industry and its return to waste deposits. The lack of methods for processing sludge leads to their accumulation and environmental pollution: the area of fertile land is shrinking, pollution of nearby natural water bodies increases. The proposed integrated physicochemical technology for processing phosphate ore dressing wastes using nitric acid is aimed at improving the environmental situation in the regions producing phosphate raw materials and obtaining a number of valuable products important for the national economy: glauconite sand, clay, hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate. The yield of sludge processing products was experimentally established, which amounted to: 68.6% glauconite, 6.91% clay, 12.9% technical calcium hydrogen phosphate, 18.2% technical calcium nitrate. Processing products – clay and glauconite sand are most widely used in the construction industry, in particular, in the production of bricks and concrete. Glauconite sand and clay are used in the production of sorbents, paints and primers. Hydrophosphate and calcium nitrate are used in agriculture as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, respectively.

Keywords: phosphatic ore, slimes, the nitric-acid method, glauconitic sand, clay, hydrophosphate of lime, nitrocalcite

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-148-153

Preparation of sodium sulfate by isohydric crystallization during reverse osmotic treatment of mineralized wastewater and solution neutralization

I.A. Pochitalkina, A.V. Desyatov, T.A. Pavlishcheva, I.B. Sibiryakova, I.M. Kostanov, A.V. Kolesnikov

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

The article is devoted to the problem of neutralization of industrial wastewater containing highly toxic chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, ions of heavy and non-ferrous metals. Wastewater, as a rule, has an acidic reaction, and the first stage of its neutralization consists in the use of alkaline reagents (NaOH, Na2 CO3 , Ca(OH)2 ) to neutralize and form hybrid sediments of iron, aluminum and other metals. The total concentration of salt components in technological solutions ranges from 10 to 100 g/L, most often it is a mixture of Na2 SO4 , NaCl, NaNO3 , less often other salts. The technology of deep processing of mineralized water consists in softening, filtration on pressure filters and microfiltration of industrial waste. The peculiarity of the proposed scheme lies in the use of the reverse osmosis method of desalting, according to which it is concentrated by 3–5 times and evaporated to a salt content of 200–300 g/L. This scheme allows you to obtain concentrate and fresh water that meets environmental requirements. After water demineralization, the concentrate goes to isohydric crystallization with Na2 SO4 · 10H2 O by cooling to 0 о С. After centrifugation of the pulp, the mother liquor is mixed with the initial stream and sent to a reverse osmosis unit, and the crystalline hydrate is sent to drying to obtain anhydrous technical salt. On the example of a model technological solution that simulates liquid industrial waste from mining enterprises, with the help of computational and experimental studies, the fundamental possibility of obtaining anhydrous sodium sulfate by means of intracycle isohydric crystallization of a concentrate after a reverse osmosis plant has been shown. A schematic diagram of the neutralization of liquid inorganic waste of I and II hazard classes with the production of a secondary product, Na2 SO4 , is proposed; the possibility of isomorphic capture of impurities during its crystallization is estimated

Keywords: waste water, neutralization, industrial waste, crystallization, reverse osmosis membranes

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Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-043-049

“Green” fabrication of poly (vinylidene fluoride) membranes for microfiltration

E.S. Shirokova, P.A. Sozinov, V.A. Cherepanova, O.V. El’kin, S.V. Fomin, D.A. Kozulin, A.N. Bushuev, I.V. Tolstobrov, I.S. Kraeva

Section: Methodology and research methods. Models and forecasts

Membrane technology is a crucial tool toward technological process intensification in chemical industry. In addition to its undeniable contribution to desalination and reuse of water, the spread of separation applications in industry could save great part of the energy. Beyond the contribution to the environmental and economic improvement of separation processes, the membrane manufacturing industry itself needs to minimize environmental and occupational risks, that means meet principles of “green” chemistry. Membrane manufacturing should be developed with the reduction or elimination of hazardous compounds. The chemical processes of membrane production are linked with the use of a wide range of solvents. A lot of organic solvents required for membrane production are classified as toxic or hazardous substances and their use is strictly limited by law. One of the promising environmentally friendly methods of production of membranes is the applying of “green” solvents. As an alternative technology, it is proposed to use the freeze method, in which non-toxic dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a solvent. This technology requires less energy consumption, which also allows implementing the principles of “green” chemistry. Microporous membranes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with a thickness of 100 to 250 μm was carried out by freeze method. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was selected as the most environmentally friendly solvent for some fluoropolymers. Porosity, permeability, wettability, physical and mechanical characteristics for obtained membranes and their morphology were investigated. It has been found that the most optimal concentration of PVDF in the solution is 30 wt.%. In this case the best combination of technological and operational properties is provided. The efficiency of prepared membranes for microfiltration process was demonstrated by a suspension of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such technology in comparison with the existing ones, is devoid of some disadvantages like using of complex equipment and high operating temperature. Freeze method does not require high energy consumption and using of toxic solvents.

Keywords: “green” chemistry, microfiltration, membranes, poly(vinylidene fluoride), freeze method

Article published in number 4 for 2021
DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2021-4-064-070

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